Trends In Copyright Infringement: A Review of Two Predictive Articles :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Trends In Copyright Infringement A Review of Two Predictive Articles Abstract In 1995 despatch Rose and Esther Dyson wrote articles in Wired Magazine expressing polarized views on the future of copyright law and copyright infringement. This essay reviews those articles, analyzes each articles accuracy as defined by current trends years later. Over the past decade the societal view of creative society has greatly changed due to advances in computer technology and the Internet. In 1995, aware of the beginning of this change, two authors wrote articles in Wired Magazine expressing diametrically opposed views on how this technological change would take form, and how it would affect copyright law. In the article The Emperors Clothes Still Fit Just Fine Lance Rose hypothesized that the criminal nature of copyright infringement would prevent it from developing into a socially acceptable practice. Thus, he wrote, we would not need to revise copyright law to prevent copyright infringeme nt. In another article, Entitled Intellectual cling to, Esther Dyson presented a completely different view of the copyright issue. She based many her arguments on the belief that mainstream copyright infringement would proliferate in the following years, causing a radical revision of American ideas and laws towards intellectual property. What has happened since then? Who was right? This paper analyzes the situation then and now, with the knowledge that these trends are still in a state of transformation. As new software and hardware innovations make it easier to create, copy, alter, and disseminate original digital content, this discussion will be come even much critical. Whereas Rose advocated better policing practices and improved copyright legislation, Dyson proposed that the de facto legalization of content duplication would nullify copyright law, resulting in a service-based economy with little copyright law. eyepatch this economic and legal evolution will continue for year s to come, it is this authors opinion that Dysons model of change seems much more likely based on events and trends everyplace the past six years. Much of Roses argument for the retention of current copyright laws stems from the faulty belief that copyright infringement will remain much of an subsurface practice. In his article Rose asserts that Net users who arent at least mildly familiar with the file-sharing underworld will never even hear about much(prenominal) systems before they are dismembered 1. While file-sharing might not have been an important issue in 1995, the word underworld does not accurately describe the favourable file sharing situation today.

LeBlanc’s Gender Criticism of Chopin’s The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening

LeBlancs Gender Criticism of Chopins The AwakeningTomorrow marks thirty years since the Roe vs. Wade decision that gave women a reproductive choice in America. The occasion reminds me that women are continuously struggling to attain and maintain various levels of freedom. Elizabeth LeBlancs gender criticism of The Awakening---a novel produce before women acquired suffrage---highlights one such freedom the freedom to live on ones own terms.The discussion delineates how Kate Chopins tale of one cleaning womans choices, actions and attitudes may be construed as the attempts of a woman trap in a sexually (in)different world to reconstitute herself as lesbian (241). LeBlanc clarifies that Edna is a metaphorical lesbian who creates a narrative or textual space in which she interrogates accepted norms of textuality and sexuality and constitutes herself as subject (238). The use of the word trapped connotes a state of being cornered, with few choices and at the mercy of someone else. At fi rst, Edna does seem trapped to a drone existence of bourgeois Creole society. But once she was initiated into the world of female love and ritual, (247) she began seeking fulfillment and selfhood outside of marriage and motherhood (244). Her gravitation toward a woman-centered existence, outside of culturally be spaces, is an act of self-reconstruction. For example, at the risk of damaging her reputation, she rejects the obligation of her social class to host callers. This is a figurative loosening of the ties that bound her to a tradition of postponement for life to happen. She defies that tradition and, in doing so, restructures her existence as a woman.Edna progressively moves away from all-things-traditional, or culturally predefined, into a space all her own. As a metaphorical lesbian, she engages in a variety of woman-identified practices that suggest but stop short of sexual encounters. One such practice is finding solace in a woman who already lives on the margins of socie ty, Mademoiselle Reisz, who LeBlanc suggests is the actual lesbian in this narrative. Edna, LeBlanc writes, is drawn to her whenever she falls into despondency and hopelessness because Reiszs music penetrated Ednas full-length being like an effulgence, warming and brightening the dark places of her soul (Chopin 103). It is she, who describes herself as captivated by Edna, who fosters in Edna a sense of the possibilities for joy and fulfillment outside the nation of male tradition and meaningless codes (252). Edna learns not to define herself in relation to her familial attachments, such as mother or wife.

Contracts Essay example -- essays research papers

ContractsA melt off is an agreement that is enforceable by law. Modern business could notexist without such pledges. Most business legal proceeding involve commitments tofurnish goods, services, or real property these commitments are usually in theform of contracts.Use of the contract in business affairs ensures, to or so extent, the performanceof an agreement, for a ships company that breaks a contract may be sued in court for thedamages caused by the breach. Sometimes, however, a party that breaks a contractmay be persuaded to make an out-of-court settlement, thus saving the expense oflegal proceedings.A contract arises when an offer to make a contract is accepted. An offercontains a promise (for example, "I will pay $1,000") and a request forsomething in return (a souls car). The acceptance consists of an assent bythe party to whom the offer is made, showing that the soulfulness agrees to the termsoffered. The offer may be terminated in a number of ways. For exampl e, the partymaking the offer may cancel it (a revocation), or the party to whom the offer ismade may reject it. When the party to whom the offer is made responds with adifferent offer, called a counteroffer, the original offer is terminated. Thenthe counteroffer may be accepted by the party making the original offer.REQUIREMENTS OF A VALID CONTRACTFor a contract to be valid, both parties must(prenominal) give their assent. They must actin such a way that the another(prenominal) people involved believe their intention is to makea contract. Thus a person who is clearly not sincere in saying that he or sheaccepts an offer usually is not held to a contract by the courts. On the otherhand, a person who secretly has no intention of making a contract but who actsin a manner that leads people to believe he or she had, may be held to acontract. Legally, it is the external appearance that determines whether matchless isheld to a contract.ConsiderationA contract results from a bargain. This implies that each party to the contractgives up something, or promises to, in exchange for something given up orpromised by the other party. This is called good will. In the example givenabove, the consideration on one side is the promise to pay $1,000, and on theother, the promise to deliver a car. With rare exceptions, a promise by oneparty, without some form of consideration being extended by the other pa... ... of money designed to compensate for losses stemmingfrom the breach). Damages are measured by what may reasonably be foreseen asfinancial losses unforeseeable losses may not be collected. If an award ofmoney is not compensatory because something about the promised performance wasunique, the party who breaks a contract may be ordered by the court to performas agreed. This is called specific performance. For example, real estate isalways considered unique. Therefore, when a party has contract to sell realestate but changes his or her mind, the court may grant specific per formance andorder that the deed for the real estate be delivered to the agreed buyer.Most contracts are formed with an implicit taking into custody that neither party needperform unless the other has bump offd his or her promised performance. Anexception to this understanding occurs when a party has performed most of his orher obligation and the part not performed is relatively immaterial. The doctrineof substantial performance provides that in such a case, the opposition party mustperform, although he or she may secure money damages to the extent that he orshe was damaged by lack of complete performance.

Essay --

The Effects of Cool- and Warm-Season MitesOne of the most damaging, difficult to see and even harder to control invasive insect species is the mite. The vast majority of these plant-destroying insects fit into one of dickens categories strong-season mites and cool-season mites. Both groups are characterized by their extremely small size and ability to swarm and damage plants quickly. Warm-season mites are only active during the spring and summer, while cool-season mites hang in active throughout the colder days of spring and fall. Mite species are completely dormant in winter, though cool-season species can hatch on particularly warm days in January and February. Adult mites are generally oval-shaped and are less than a millimeter long. They often appear as very small red, white, colour or brown dots, and can be difficult to detect against branches and leaves. One of the best ways to check for a cool- or warm-season mite infestation is to fight a sheet of white paper beneath a l eaf and gently shake the branch. The tiny mites will drop onto the sheet and can be identified when they move. Plant-eating mites can be distinguished from vulturine mites by squashing the mites and examining the streaks they produce. Green streaks indicate plant-damaging mites, while red or brown streaks indicate predatory mites. Predatory mites are helpful for controlling plant-eating mites, and should not be eradicated.Both cool- and warm-season mites affect a wide range of plants, including trees, shrubs, flowers, vegetables and fruiting plants, and can stick to a significant control issue when present on indoor plants. Mites damage trees by sucking chlorophyll directly from the leaves and needles of trees, hindering the plants ability to photosynthesize. ... ...eep your plants healthy and protected. Mites are prone to attacking stressed or sick plants, so keeping your trees and shrubs fertilized and well-watered is imperative for ensuring plant protection. Another effective order is to simply hose the plant down with a powerful stream of water. This technique dislodges the mites, but must be done 3- to 4-times a day over a sustained period of time. The use of insecticides, such as Abacide 2 from Mauget, is recommended when large infestations can be observed using the white paper technique. Abacide 2 is an injectable, closed-system insecticide formulated to prevent damaging insect infestations. Late summer and fall applications help bolster the plants defenses against spring attacks. Abacide 2 is in force(p) for use on nurseries, orchards, woodland and ornamental trees, public parks and commercial or residential properties.

Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers fc

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby / Gatsbys Desire for Daisy exploring why Gatsby had such an obsessive bank for Daisy. The writer purportsthat Gatsby began by pursuing an ideal, not the real woman. In fact, he could not recognize the typeof person she had become since they last saw apiece other. Gatsby lives in a dream world and Daisyis part of that dream. As the legend progresses, however, Gatsbys feelings change. Bibliography listsFitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The Role of Nick Carraway as aCharacter in the falsehood In 5 pages, the author discusses F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, and the role that NickCarraway played as a character in the novel. When determining the role of Nick Carraway as he wasused in this book, one must consider that he is a contrast to Gatsby. One is dark and the other islight. One is rich and materialistic. The other is representative of Americas traditional moral codes.Nick Carraway is the novels main catalyst, for not only telling the stor y, but also for showing thedifferences in society. Without Nick Carraways influence, The Great Gatsby would not have nearlythe same effect. No additional sources are cited. Filename Pcfsfnc.docF. Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby / Corrupt Vision Of TheAmerican Dream This 5 page report discusses F. Scott Fitzgeralds 1925 novel The Great Gatsby and explains theways in which Gatsby presents a twisted and corrupted version of the great American...

Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers fc

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The great(p) Gatsby / Gatsbys Desire for Daisy exploring why Gatsby had such an obsessive desire for Daisy. The writer purportsthat Gatsby began by pursuing an ideal, not the real woman. In fact, he could not recognize the typeof person she had become since they last saw each other. Gatsby lives in a dream earth and Daisyis part of that dream. As the novel progresses, however, Gatsbys feelings change. Bibliography listsFitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The Role of nick Carraway as aCharacter in the Novel In 5 pages, the author discusses F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, and the role that NickCarraway played as a character in the novel. When determining the role of Nick Carraway as he wasused in this book, matchless must consider that he is a contrast to Gatsby. One is dark and the other islight. One is rich and materialistic. The other is representative of Americas traditional moral codes.Nick Carraway is the novels main catalyst, for not only telling the s tory, but also for showing thedifferences in society. Without Nick Carraways influence, The Great Gatsby would not have nearlythe same effect. No additional sources are cited. Filename Pcfsfnc.docF. Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby / Corrupt Vision Of TheAmerican Dream This 5 page report discusses F. Scott Fitzgeralds 1925 novel The Great Gatsby and explains theways in which Gatsby presents a twisted and corrupted version of the great American...

What is the challenge in the healthcare

Improving the character reference of the health worry system is among one of the prevailing challenges that get together States. The health solicitude system plays a major role in the society because the lives of the people depend on it. Improvement in the standard quality of health care as well as increase in health check knowledge enables people to live a fuller lives (Bernanke, 2008). Health care involves the prevention and treatment of ailments as well as the preservation of mental and physical well-being through services offered by the health and medical handicraft (The Free Dictionary, 2004).The quality of health care is a very significant aspect which affects the country scientifically, socially and economically. Health care is not only engrossed to the prevention and treatment of sickness but it also covers the health care organizations and associations. Lack of health care access is among one of the many challenges that the health care reform must address. As of 2006, studies show that almost forty seven million Americans or sixteen percent of the population lacks insurance which means to imagine that they get less health care attention than those people with insurance thereby causing their health to suffer.It is a well-known fact that the quality of medical technology and research in the United States is very high, however, the highest level of effectiveness may only be achieved if there is information dissemination and consistencies in polity implementation(Bernanke, 2008). Since the quality of health care is a global concern, then the answer to the problem should be apt to encompass global barriers. Countries from around the globe should pick up to surpass economic and political barriers and unite to form a strategic plan in order to overcome and address this problem.

Breathing Underwater

Breathing Underwater is an interesting story of a young boys self discovery. break offs journey towards self discovery is somewhat forced upon him when he assaults his girl friend Caitlin. The judge sentences Nick to six-spot months of counseling that involve dealing with anger issues. In addition, due to the fact that nick claims that he doesnt know how he got into this mess, the judge assigns Nick to redeem in a journal daily 500 words about what happened in his and Caitlins relationship (Finn, 2001). The question of this book is if Nick will lam anything about himself and what he does about it.In addition, it is important to understand that this book is about not judging peoples lives just by looking at them. This book, at first glace has a very odd title however very early on we get a glimpse at what breathing underwater might mean. The day of the first class, Mario asks all the students if they ever feel like they argon breathing underwater and life is coming at you too fa st (Finn, 2001, 20). It seems like breathing underwater means that we all are actors in our lives we try to show people that we are brave when we are actually afraid.Moreover, we are forever trying to show others that we in control of ourselves when in fact we feel completely out of control. Nick hits Caitlin because he feels that he and his life are out of control. However, when he goes to class, he feels as if he doesnt take up anger counseling. In addition, nobody in the class thinks they need to be there. Moreover, when one of the classmates ends up killing is girlfriend and himself, Nick sees that he needs counseling and how anger can and does destroy lives. The end of the book deals with Nick trying to take back his life.He tries to apologize to Caitlin for hitting her and he tells her that he loved her, he and Tom rekindle their friendship, and Nick stands up to his dad. Nick says that he is tired of breathing underwater and by the end of the book he has stopped himself from drowning in his anger. I think this book shows us that there are times when we feel as if we are breathing underwater. It also shows us that there are better ways to manage our anger such as writing about it in a journal. Works Cited Flinn, A. (2001). Breathing Underwater. New York Harper Collins

5 Core Operational Strategies

Unit 3 PowerPoint ProjectIn chapter 6 you learned about the 5 core operable strategies (preventive patrol, routine incident response, emergency response, criminal investigation, problem solving) and 1 ancillary operational strategy (support services) that be employed by law enforcement agencies to fight and reduce crime. This week you are required to create a PowerPoint manifestation that meets the following criteriaSummarize the five core operational strategies and the one ancillary operational strategy of law enforcement.Explain how these strategies are used by law enforcement agencies to hit their crime fighting goals.Your PowerPoint presentation must consist of no fewer than six (6) slides (at least one slide per strategy). The title slide and references slide are not included in this total, and are also required.Please use the PowerPoint Template provided for you as a guide.One reason for this assignment is to help you become familiar with the PowerPoint chopine itself. If you have never used Microsoft PowerPoint dont let it worry you.The PowerPoint Resources accessible below, will ease your mind and give you a head mystify on this project.You will have until the end of Unit 4 to complete your project. Submit your completed PowerPoint project to the dropbox by the end of Unit 4 in the basket titled Unit 3 PowerPoint Project Checklist for Unit 3 Assignment PowerPoint PresentationCriteria Ask yourself the following questions.Did you identify and describe the five core operational strategies and the one ancillary operational strategy of law enforcement?Did you explain how law enforcement agencies use these strategies to achieve their crime fighting goals?Is your content complete enough to calculate the topic and questions?Is there a logical flow to your ideas?Did you present the material in a clear and concise manner to provide easy readability?Did you prepare your project as a PowerPoint document?Did you label your file correctly?Did you check your d ocument for grammar and spelling?Did your meet the presentations continuance requirement (6 slides minimum)?

Advantages and disadvantages of technology Essay

Throughout history, technological innovations obtain helped human change improve their standards of living, beginning with the mere(a) invention of bone tools of prehistoric beats, continuing on to and beyond modern air conditioners, automobiles, and super computers. Nowadays, when the rapidness of development and research is so remarkable, it is easy to think about the advantages of modern technology. technology has come a long route from floppy disk, to CDs, and now saving education on flash drives and clouds. Although very helpful technology has its advantages and, disadvantages for certain muckle jobs that atomic number 18 at risk. engine room nowadays has made life better in modern society so a great deal that pile rely on it to a greater extent than humankind at times. sophisticated technology helps simplify life in so umteen ways such as communication like idiot box chatting which is a good deal more than convenient. or so other way technology helps hoi p olloi is in business, it helps boost efficiency and productivity in work atomic number 18a. Businesses take for integrated modern technology in their issue line, roughly of the hard work has become so simple and fast its results are better than of humans. This world goes through anyot of changes as time goes on because of improvements this world is becoming more efficient and productive. Technology still helps save money in the long run with fuel, communication, and electricity. Technology helps take up life for humans so much easier one example is through email. A quick email raise be done and sent out within transactions kind of than writing a letter and waiting days for a response. Opportunities that technology produces and accomplishes bunghole non only if save time but once more save money in the long run. Electronics are expensive but worth it when it comes to making life more convenient. Another advantage for these gadgets the mistakes that humans make croupe b e reduced with the use of technology like automated bill pay.Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology EssayThe mobile knell has many advantages and disadvantages. It is easy to run across friends and family. Since the first mobile was created we have been able to make c exclusivelys to anywhere in the world by the click of a button. You are able to get in touch with people nearly 24/7. You have access to constant internet. Having the internet at your finger tips any time you need it has many advantages. affect to find out requisite time a movie is on in the cinema? No caper. Need to boldness up the weigh of a restaurant you fancy having dinner at? Just use your rally. A mobile recall is an all in one device. Having music, a camera, GPS, phone and mini laptop all in one device is handy. Nowadays we use our phones as our calculator, flashlight and telecommunicate machine. Many people do not tear down own a camera anymore as who needs one when you tramp high fiber shots with you camera phone.Mobile phones as well allow us to facetime or Skype family and friends. Skype and facetime allow us to view our friends and family members no matter where they are in the world. These apps also allow you to choose between making a impression and a voice call. You ordure connect with anyone else who has internet connection. People survived for years without lavaliseing a phone with them. Its becoming a necessity for people to carry portable phones with them. Having a phone which is portable is handy for those situations where you break down on a country road a portable phone can help make sure you are never stuck. Phones nowadays work almost everywhere, on that point are very few locations where phones dont work. subscribe to moreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Technology EssayA phone helps ensure business people are of all time in touch with their clients and those who they need to talk to redress away, from work or even at shell. A portable phone works if charged during power outs, after accidents or whenever an emergency arises, a phone can be a lifesaver. Portable phones are becoming entertainment on the go. From television and movie downloads to games. Portable phones are great for helping people organize their lives. Some phones can handle e-mail addresses, appointments and more. Its like carrying a personal computer with you on the go.Mobile phones do so much that we find ourselves glued to them almost every day instead of people interacting with each other they sit with their eyes stuck to their phones having virtual conversations instead of real ones.When difficult to do work it is hard to concentrate when there is a mobile sitting staring at you as the temptation to have a look on facebook or other websites is huge. Mobile phones can actually cost lives when drivers, foc apply on their mobile phones lose control of their vehicles and cause major accidents. not as earnest but you could fall down stairs, trip or run into well-nighthing or whateverone when youre stuck on facebook. Most phones nowadays have passwords on them but if you leave your phone unlocked and someone gets a hold of it them all your details are exposed your contacts, messages, social media accounts and whitethornbe even your bank details.Even if your phone is protected with a password a hacker can still access your information if they really want to. in that location is a lot of evidence that mobile phones cause damage to the brain. Phones produce radiation and should not be left near you when sleeping. They also affect a lot of peoples sleeping patterns which result in sleeplessness and insomnia. Many people like to be constantly upgraded with the smartest phone. Some people want a different phone every month, as well as all the accessories that are now on the market for each mobile phone. in any case what is the point of a phone without credit? Mobile phones are bottomless money pits.The landline also has many advantages and disadvantages. A landline always has coverage making it totally reliable and easy to access in the case of an emergency. In case of an unfortunate event of an earthquake or landslide, the mobile phone receives no network while the landline stays active. The reliability of a land line makes them advantageous when it comes to emergencies. For example, if someone is hurt and needs immediate checkup care, you do not have to worry about poor reception. Landlines also provide a fixed location that emergency responders can rush to. If there is no power and a mobile phone dies, the substance abuser is without a phone completely if there is no landline connected to a pumped up(p) phone.A landline home phones will rescue a user when their mobile phone dies. The astronomicalr size of a landline phone allows you to more easily cradle the phone between your head and shoulder. In general, landlines are much less expensive than mobile phones. The setup costs, hardware costs and concern c osts of mobile phones are all typically higher. Most landline service providers offer free local calls. Keeping a landline at home can help reduce your phone bill and allow you to talk aslong as you want without worrying about racking up charges.Landlines do not meet the needs of people today. Most people spend more time outside the home. Using their mobile phone allows freedom from checking the home recorder for messages. Nowadays if someone is waiting on an important call they do not have to sit at home and wait for the call. They can send and receive calls from anywhere there is phone service. A landline is not portable and it cannot travel with you. Landline service only works inside the home and it also limits the callers ability to move around while on a call. Landline services offer fewer plectrons than mobile phone services. Many mobile phone companies include internet access, text messaging, voice mail and a whole range of applications.Landlines up to now do not include t hese options. If you have a landline phone, your number and home address is in the phone book. maculation there are benefits to having your number listed, theres also one huge disadvantage which is telemarketers. Landline phones are more likely to get calls from telemarketers trying to sell you something at all hours. Thats because many calling centres will scroll through the phone book, calling listed number after number. These can be annoying to phone owners. Landlines decimate more energy than cell phones, as they remain plugged in at all times. This is true of cordless landline phones as well, because of the charger required. While mobile phones do not last as long as landlines they are easier to recycle.The net income has been the greatest means of communication yet. It is now faster and more reliable than ever. Nowadays it is possible to use video, chat and messenger services. in that respect are many chat rooms on the web that can be accessed to meet new people, make new friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends. Social networking has become so popular amongst youth that it might one day replace physical networking. It has evolved as a great way to connect with millions of people with similar interests. Apart from finding long-lost friends, you can also look for a job, business opportunities. The network has made life very convenient. With numerous online services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc., and right from your home.Entertainment is another popular reason why manypeople prefer to surf the Internet. The internet has even become some peoples TV as you can watch endless programmes at the click of a button. similarly downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. The Internet has any kind of information on any exit under the sun. The search engines help you to find data on any subj ect that you need. You can also shop online, there are many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products as well as buy them victimisation your credit card. You do not need to leave your house and can do all your shopping from the convenience of your home. E-mail is another advantage, with e-mail you can send and receive instant electronic messages. Your messages are delivered instantly to people anywhere in the world.If you use the Internet for online banking, social networking or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. People can access this information through unsecured connections then use your personal details for their benefit. Internet users are often plagued by virus attacks on their systems. Virus programs may get activated if you click a seemingly harmless link. Computers connected to the Internet are very prone to targeted virus attacks and may end up crashing. People are drifting a part from their friends and family because of the internet. Even children prefer to play online games rather than going out and mingling with other kids. The Internet can be harmful to little children. Children nowadays use the Internet on a quotidian basis.The Internet has provided a way for children to gain access to all sorts of websites. Cyber bullying is also another huge disadvantage when it comes to the internet. There are now many more ways that people can be harassed and bullied when they have access to the internet. Cyber bullying is one of the worst as it invades the victims life in a place they are comfortable in and think they are safe, because they are being harassed in their personal area, cyber bullying leads to more depression rock-bottom self esteem, loneliness and suicide which are all big disadvantages. Another disadvantage of the internet is that it has allowed a great deal of anonymity to a large number of people who have access to different websites and chat rooms available. This has allowed perverted individuals to take advantage of innocent people and abuse their trust. We can always hear from news that paedophiles usedthe internet to make crimes. With all its falls the internet has the potential to make your life simple and convenient, as well as wreak havoc in your life.Having a facsimile machine certainly has its benefits, there are also disadvantages associated with relying on this sending tool. With a facsimile machine, you can quickly send documents from one building to another without any cost. Not only does a fax machine make this rapid transfer easier and more cost-effective, it also allows for the transfer to take place more quickly. Fax machines provide senders with a receipt after the document has finished the fax process the user has some evidence that they did, in fact, send the document. Faxes are delivered immediately to around the globe. This method of data transmission is effective when access to email or file sh are are unattainable or unfeasible. Fax machines are very inexpensive and several are part of multifunction systems.Just like all technology, fax machines can fail. If a company depends too heavily upon the fax machine and the machine fails to operate, the people using the machine may experience some difficulty. in addition you cannot send a fax to someone who does not also have a fax machine the receiver must have a fax machine to get the document. Documents you sent may not be as safe and secure. Information thieves have ways of pulling information from old fax machines or discarded printing cartridges. Any time you send a document, via fax or otherwise, you open up the possibility of someone accessing your data, putting you at risk.Fax machines take up space and also create an opportunity for mechanical failures that may require costly repairs. Emailing documents takes no additional hardware anyhow an existing computer, and files can be stored digitally rather than taking up sp ace in paper form. Fax machines need regular maintenance. You have to phone line the machines with paper and also supply toner, which are the powdered ink fax machines use to print. There is also the possibility that once a document has been faxed and the information is read or entered into a computer, the paper will be thrown away or recycled. Finally, like every machine, fax machines require occasional cleaning.Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology EssayThe advantages of perplex guns and patrol car video inspection are a critical tool in fairness enforcement. Officers are given the option of Tasers, which are constitutionally effective when pursuing an wrongdoer that might have had the upper hand to fight for a long time, resulting in the officer gaining injuries. Currently, patrol car video is a necessity as video records will enhance an officers credibility, corroborate identities, and statement issues, and can be used as evidence in court. However, critical to law en forcement bewilder guns should be used as a last resort. Let us examine some of the issues that contain some validity to arguments for the continue use of these tools within law enforcement.One may argue that a Taser (stun gun) causes muscle contractions and renders a person baffled while being temporarily paralyzed. Lee (2007) addressed this to be true, but law enforcement has maximized training programs so that suspects and officers lives are not in jeopardy. In addition, when a stun gun is used there is a permanent record and the video surveillance is automatically recorded when an officer takes the safety off the implement (Lee, 2007). Consequently, the stun gun is used by law enforcement specifically for self-defense, and as a result, Lee (2007) mentions there have been hundreds of finds that would have been involved in most skilful outcomes, such as a suspect or officers demise.Read moreEssay About Technology Advantages and DisadvantagesAs much as of 1,500 lives a year ar e taken by accidents with firearms in the United States (Tennenbaum, A. N., & Moore, A. M. (1993). However, guns have been converted into less-lethal ordnances such as Tasers. In fact, the Taser gun also known as a stun gun has the capacity of 50,000 volts that are connected to electrodes, and this nonlethal weapon resembles a gun in its composition and has variable degrees of power. Tennenbaum, A. N., & Moore, A. M. (1993) noted that there are available nonlethal weapon technologies, which give citizens options and no deadly force of traditional guns.The stun gun is an alternative weapon that can be operated by an officer with proper training and is a nonlethal weapon. One must be capable of using a stun gun to subdue or neutralize a suspect so that no harm will occur to ones body. After all, not every person has the same body structure, sotherefore the stun gun can be more dangerous depending on the individual. Example, someone with a heart defibrillator can die from a stun gun (Lee, 2007). However, with the proper training, an officer has the knowledge of reducing or increasing power on the stun gun, and the main idea here is that the Taser will immediately stop an individual in his tracks by setting the Taser to a specific level for the offender.One may argue that stun guns may promptly fall into the pass on of criminals who will use them for criminal acts. Although, there is no arguing over this point, nevertheless with these weapons such as stun guns, the consequences will not be deadly for either the officer or the offender. Suppose some others may say that nonlethal weapons are unrealistic but interesting. After all, one knows an advance of technological knowledge is essential in law enforcement.For example, when Tasers are used in the muscular areas, the offenders nervous system is shut down for up to 30 seconds. As a result, the officer is safe from harm. Finally, an officer now has efficient time to confine or restrain the suspect. Hence, no one gets hurt. Law enforcement wants to prevent any misuse. An individuals background is nationally run through to roll his credit card information, age, and identification. Finally, there is a check for any felony convictions, not to mention terrorist watch lists. If any information pertaining to felonies show up, the individual will be turned away.When one uses a patrol car and it is equipped with video surveillance, he is being protected in many ways because video does not lie. Whether the officer is acting inappropriately or the suspect is acting hostile the video will prove to be the most critical evidence. Tennenbaum, A. N., & Moore, A. M. (1993) assures surveillance systems are great additions to jurisprudence cars. They protect both sides, and if one thinks about it, he would rather be stunned than shot. The most distinct video surveillance brings the highest quality to agencies. They are easy to use and they have the technology to transfer, gather, and retrieve evidence. In f act, the video is shared with court officials and the prosecution while maintaining the integrity of the original video.There are no negative factors in having patrol car video surveillance. This tool is capable of functional requirements and meeting legislative mandates. Typically, patrol car surveillance systems tend to use analog tape technologies, which can be copied and transferred. However, overall performance in these surveillance systems is limited.In conclusion, the overall success with law enforcement and the military group out there today are critical tools for an officers self-defense. In addition, Taser and video surveillance are the most chosen tools in law enforcement. Furthermore, when the Taser is used properly and efficiently, it will deter the most hostile offenders, whereas most nonlethal weapons will not having the necessary means. Meanwhile video surveillance can help an officers defense or a suspects guilt in court as it is a permanent video record of an inci dent. Moreover, video surveillance is never bias, the truth is right in front of you.ReferencesLee, Harry. (2007, February 19). JPSO Tasers Have Proven To Be A Near-Perfect Non-Lethal Weapon That Stuns. Sheriffs Weekly Journal, 27(31), 36, 1/3. Retrieved May 28, 2008, fromhttp//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=24245269&site=ehost-liveTennenbaum, A. N., & Moore, A. M. (1993). Non-Lethal Weapons Alternatives To Deadly Force. The Futurist, 27(5), 20. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID 479634).Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology EssayTechnology began when man started to control and change nature to meet his needs. Prior to the 20th Century, technology was identified with skilled men and women who passed their expertise and know-how from one generation to another. Back then technology was associated with new techniques, new processes and new methods of doing things. With the scientific revolution in the 20th Century, the con cept of technology changed. It is now closely associated with gadgets, products and innovative scientific inventions.This essay examines the advantages and disadvantages of two simple technological innovations the stun gun and the police car video surveillance. Their impact, advantages and disadvantages to the society will be evaluated for purpose of deeper appreciation of their use.Advantages and Disadvantages of Stun Guns and jurisprudence Car painting SurveillanceTechnology is closely tied with the concept of innovation. There was a time when law enforcement officers utilised the wooden batons as their only weapons against hot individuals who resisted arrest (Scott Oldham, 2005, p.1). In view of the lack of effective weapons that they can use to apprehend and subdue suspects, encounters between law enforcement officers and suspects often lead to a bloody fight. As a result either the police officer or the suspect ends up getting seriously hurt or killed.Read moreTechnology Adv antages and Disadvantages EssayThere was also a time when law enforcement officers had to rely on their recollection of the events during dangerous situations. They had to record the license number of the suspects getaway vehicle, remember their faces and the kind of weapons used. If they were able to arrest the suspects after a dangerous situation, suspects often filed suits against law enforcement officers alleging brutality and violence they experienced in the hands of the police officers. There being no other witnesses, the police officer had always been placed in jeopardy of being maliciously sued by a suspect he had arrested in his line of duty.With the use of technology, man was able to control and modify nature for the purpose of satisfying his own needs. Law enforcement officers have found simple solutions to their everyday problems. With the use of stun guns police officers were able to harness the power of electricity. They were able to control the volt and use it to appr ehend violent suspects by incapacitating them temporarily.With the discovery of stun guns, police officers no longer have to worry about getting hurt or hurting anybody in the course of the arrest. In case a suspect resists arrest and becomes really violent, the law enforcement officer only has to press this gun against the body of the suspect. It will unloosen an electronic charge that is high in voltage that can disable the suspect for 20 to 30minutes enough time for them to place handcuff on the suspect.Police officers no longer have to worry about the possibility of them forgetting the suspects face or the license number of the vehicle or the kind of weapon used. He also need not fear that suits for excessive violence and brutality may be filed against him because there is physical evidence that can be presented before the court. Law enforcement officers only have to produce the recording of his patrol car video surveillance and present it in court to contradict the false and malicious accusations against him.Just like any technology, however, it can be abused. In the hands of an abusive law enforcement officer, stun guns may cause serious injury against a suspect if not used properly. According to United Nations Committee use of stun guns by the police may cause extreme pain and in certain cases may lead to death. (David Morgan, 2007, p.2) It has been reported that since 1999, 80 people have died and others have been seriously injured by police using electronic stun gun which negate the claims that they are non lethal weapons. (Greg Mathis, 2005, p.1)Use of police car video surveillance may be advantageous for some but it may pose a serious constitutional challenge for others. Lawyers have challenged the legality of the act of police officers using their video camera as proof to apprehend those who commit over speeding and those who run against red lights. Their contention is that the owners of the car are automatically considered guilty and imposed a penalty even if it may be possible that the car owners were not driving the vehicles at the time the infraction was committed. Aside from constitutional violation of presumption of innocence, some police officers may use the video camera for the purpose of invading the privacy of private individuals.ConclusionTechnology is indeed the successful attempt by man to control and modify nature for the purpose of satisfying human needs and providing solutions to his problem. It may happen that the technology may turn into something that it is intended to do or to something that it is not intended to. This is precisely what technology is. It may turn out beneficial to mankind but it may also pose serious risks for us.In the case of stun guns, I believe it is still one of the most non-lethal instruments that police officers can utilize against suspects. It would be better however if police officers are educated on its use and its dangers before they are allowed to use these instruments. The same thing is true for video surveillance which is most effective if it is utilized for strictly law enforcement work. These instruments therefore are not dangerous in themselves. They are not evil in themselves. Problem starts when those who utilize it use it improperly. This problem could be remedied by proper orientation and training so that old and new law enforcement officers may be advised on how to properly utilize these new pieces of technology.

Evaluate the case for cutting public expenditure rather Essay

A fiscal deficit is when a governments total expenditures exceed the tax revenues that it generates. A budget deficit merchant ship be cut by either minify public expenditure or raising taxes. In this essay, I am going to analyse the benefits and be of increasing tax rates to reduce fiscal deficits instead of cutting government expenditure.First of all, if the government decides to cut current public expenditure, it volition superstar to a reduced quantity and quality of public goods and service. For example, closing NHS direct call centres down which results in set down living standard. Moreover as the expending in sphere of influences such as healthcare and education is cut, these services may need to redundant staff to stay within their new budgets. For instance if the NHSs budget is cut they will lay-off additional staff. Those public sector workers may find it difficult to find a new job in hugger-mugger sector if they are not competitive enough to compete with other pe ople in the labour market, leading to higher unemployment conflicting with the government macroeconomic objective of low unemployment rate. Also higher unemployment will mean less income tax revenue, lower VAT receipts, higher welfare redressments, as well as lower standards of living.If the government is to cut capital expenditure this is the type of expenditure that expands LRAS. It might not cause serious problems in short run, however in long run less disbursal on for example education and healthcare will result in a less educated and adroit workforce and a less healthy workforce. The negative effects of inadequate skilled human capital in the long run include lower productivity which makes the economy less competitive internationally compared with for example Germany. It in turn leads to deterioration on balance of payment, economic stagnant growth and inflationary pressure as labour costs increase.Thirdly, government spending is an injection into the circular run for of in come. A decrease in the government spending will incur negative wealth effect and therefore lead to weaker economic growth. In addition, thegovernment spending is one of the components of aggregate demand, consequently, lower GDP. In a demand-deficient recession, consumption and investment tend to decrease due to lower income and revenue, the (X-M) component tends to level off or worsen in short run, which makes government spending an essential device to stimulate the economy. whence a decrease in the government spending will cause an even deeper recession and a big budget deficit.Last but not least, a decrease in government spending could mean worse income distribution compared with increasing progressive tax. This is because vary payment forms almost a third of the governments budgets and so by cutting expenditure it is very likely that it will likewise be cut devising the poor poorer and widening the gap. On the other hand, taxes could be increased progressively by for examp le increasing marginal income taxes so that the people with high income pay more than the poor narrowing the gap between.However, there are also some drawbacks associated with raising taxes. Tax is a form of leakage from the circular flow of income leading to negative multiplier effect. If the government increases income tax rates, it might create disincentives to work. It is because when income tax increases, the opportunity cost for leisure time decreases and people will demand to work longer hours to earn the same disposable income. Some people may therefore prefer claiming Jobseekers Allowance instead of working. If the corporation tax is to be increased, there will be disincentive for firms to locate in the UK, leading to less investment and corporation tax revenues. Additionally, an increase in the National indemnity may discourage firms taking more employers as the NI is paid per employee.Secondly, if the government raises higher income by increasing mediate taxes for exam ple VAT, it may also have problems. It shifts the SRAS curve to the left as the cost of production increases. And it may therefore push up the price level and reduce the level of output. Moreover, indirect taxes are regressive taxes, which impose a greater burden relative to the incomes on the poor than on the rich.Thirdly, as the public sector is basically non-profit, their tryst of resources believed to be less efficient than the profit-making private sector firms. Therefore reducing public expenditure may lead to greater efficiency and productivity by for example removing unnecessary layer of management hence more effective communication and better service provided by the public sector.Last but not least, the choices between the two possible ways and their effects depend on the macroeconomic situation- for example the unemployment rate and the size of the public sector. If the size of the public sector is small, the adjustment on government spending might not be very large and t he effect on budget deficit wouldnt be significant. If the unemployment rate is high, for example 26% general rate and 50% youth rate in Spain, making it very hard to raise taxes.Apparently, both reducing government spending and increasing tax rates will lead to a lower AD, but they will have different other effects. Therefore the choice between this two may depend on macroeconomic situation and what the government is focusing on achieving.VICKKIE

Role of Ngos in National Development and Security

THE ROLE OF non governanceal organizationS IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECURITY By ( IBRAHIM TUDU) Chair slice, Zamfara demesne Coaltion of nongovernmental organizations, Nigeria email email harbored com INTRODUCTION The bound NGO has now become a popular in academic, policy and inter discipline cycles. The allowters N. G. O is an abbreviation, which stands for Non-Governmental Organization, literally speaking beca put on they be non form by the government, not controlled by Government bureaucracy and they do not referenceicipate in decision or policy making of Government(s). SOME diachronic PERSPECTIVESFor a better understanding of the present topic, one needs to fuddle an insight into the history or evolution of NGOs. companionship based organizations evolution dates back decades ago. Some of the whence experienceing voluntary organizations were very small, inexperienced and generally localized and most exist with different names, such(prenominal) as societies and club s committees which atomic number 18 mostly friends, relations, professional groups, etc. oecumenicly, they lack whatever relevant organizational capacities, funding and networking. Some of the oldest voluntary organizations accomplished were the Anti-Slave Trade Society established in the year 1840.An some other old and still surviving NGO established for humanistic run was the inter res publicaalist Committee for the trigger-happy Cross and the Red Crescent, an organization that out dates even the United Nations. It was established in the year 1863. It has cinched a major role in offering humanitarian work in major wars and conflicts. NGOs worldwidely ar developed from the need to coordinate some specifically defined activities and objectives. Beginning from 19th century, Mosques, Churches, Professional, Scientific and Cultural groups create all kinds of associations that execute the work of NGOs.In the 20th century, specialized bodies started to spring up in such bea s like sports, businesses and communications. This paper would now drive to amply define the meaning of NGO and also go further to answer some questions on how, why and the need for NGOs, forwards finally addressing the roles they play in the internal development and guarantor which is the topic this paper is designed to address. What is an NGO? Let me begin by asking us this question. What does the term NGO stands for or what is the meaning of an NGO? sluice though there is no generally or universally restricted definition of NGO, however let us experience in some definitions by some institutions and international bodies in order to explain more the meaning or the message behind the term NGO. To enable us capture the idea behind the NGOs, four of these definitions would suffice i. The British Library, for example agrees that NGOs has to do with voluntary corporation by average citizen in the personal matters of his environment or communities. This is so beca occasion there is no imposed membership, control by Government or call down.They are now often called Private detachedwill Organizations (PVO). ii. The World Bank, defines NGOs as private organizations that pursue basic sociable services, or undertake community development services. They in whole or in part depend on charitable donations and offer voluntary services. iii. The United Nations, the present name N. G. O was first coined by the U. N in the year 1945. This was in the main to distinguish them from States and Governments. iv. The outside(a) participation generally adopts another name for NGOs, which is complaisant Society Organizations.This is generally because they are being formed by the citizen for the trade good of society and are generally not for profit. NGOs are known to be legitimately god in activities that touch on the lives of their communities. These embroil economic, social, humanitarian, guarantor and philanthropy. They are nevertheless broad in names and activi ties depending on their objectives, focus and mode of operation. These include associations, societies, forums, foundations, networks, charities, organizations, trusts, centers, clubs, committees, etc.Why Are NGOs Established? Let us try to address the question or give answers to the reasons on why NGOs are established by communities. The belief that not all areas, activities, fields, needs and services of the communities are perfectly and completely offered or addressed by Governments however highly go or principled. This makes the establishment of NGOs absolutely necessary, complimentary and very encouraging in the history and developmental need of each nation. It is generally agreed that human capital is another form of economic capital.Therefore, the vast resources and capacities accumulated by the voluntary, non-profit organizations could not be disregarded. The zeal to serve ones community and offer services to the poor and the destitute or participate in developmental acti vities or other humanitarian and relief services are some of the motivating factors that give rise to the establishment of NGOs. Recently, the activities of NGOs are on the rise, they are at the fore bearing in the mesh for good governance, accountability and transparency by human beings office holders. So more factors and challenges have caused like minded eople to unite and forge common front on some issues of the day ranging from the quest for offering social services to the pile, to offering relief, humanitarian and emergency services. So also the issue of globalization, environment and anti war issues has get together communities. Between 1945 to 1995, the number of NGOs has increased astronomically. before long, even in the absence of accurate data of the number of NGOs worldwide, one rout out safely suppose that their proliferation is directly associated with the coming of new technology, communication and the Internet. On the average, a new NGOs is created somewhere in the world every day.Generally, it is our opinion that the number of CBO and NGOs in a particular locality, state or nation providing non-profit services in a very healthy development which should not be over looked by any state or government. More recently, there has been growing interest in the activities of NGOs not tho in Nigeria but worldwide. How Does NGOs Operate? Worldwide, the activities and percentage of NGOs to societies through their participation and providing inexpensive, value driven and usually completely free services to communities has been acknowledged and is increasingly coming to the lime light.Even though, NGOs manoeuver in different capacities and with legion(predicate) objectives, motivation and focus. Generally they work as pressure groups, watchdogs and developmental organizations. The United Nations for example has found it very necessary to deal with NGOs. In fact, the term NGO as earlier explained was coined by the U. N. after the WW II. Since then it has extended the ways and principles of it engagement with the NGOs by expanding and improving the way it works with them. The British and American Governments have also created a variety of regional assemblies and grouping to try to bring more people and communities into ctive participation in democratization and other major campaigns. The multinational Community uses numerous names to describe NGOs. These names include Non- partisan organizations, not-for-profit, Watchdogs, Pressure Groups, Voluntary Sector, Complimentary Institutions, Stakeholders, Non State Actors, Bridge Builders, learning Partners, Grassroots Organizations, Community Based Organizations, Private Voluntary Organizations, Peoples Organization, Value Driven Organizations, Third Sector of the Economy, etc.The world of NGOs has continued to widen and assume more dimension and relevancy today. LEGAL STATUS OF NGOs The right to establish, create or form an NGO is a fundamental human right that be capacious to t he individuals or group of people and are not bestowed on the States or Governments. These rights are derived from the fundamental rights of an individual, group or community to free speech and association that exist in nigh all civilized constitutions.However, even though NGOs have right to exist and operate as informal organizations, a crucial part of the enabling environment for NGOs requires them to incorporate and acquire formal or legal personality or status this would in turn protect the principles of such NGOs from personal liability for the personal matters of the organization, such as contracts, debts or legal action. In Nigeria, for example, Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) is the body charged with the powerfulness to register NGOs that desire to operate in Nigeria. CAC derives its powers from the Companies and Allied Matters Decree No.I part C, which took effect from 2nd January 1990. So also States and Local Governments have departments of Social and Community Deve lopment and that of youthfulness and Sports Ministries overseeing the registration of NGOs. AN IDEAL NGO It is expected that every organization should meet some certain requirements in order to engage in legitimate activities as opposed to criminal and illegitimate groups. An ideal NGO is expected to among other things abide by the following To be registered with relevant authorities at the Local, State or National levels depending on the level of operation. To have a well articulated constitution or articles of association or charter. To have an executive body, and an dedicate and simple criteria for membership or volunteers. To have an office, correspondence addresses like post office box, telephone, email, fax, etc. To have clear and well-defined mission, vision or aims and objectives. To engage in programmes and activities that helped the community. To have a clean, transparent and verifiable sources of funds for their activities. To have a leadership, organogram and w ell established channel of communication. To have very good rappour with their community, other organizations and relevant authorities. CATEGORIES OF NGOs Even though their activities are sometimes similar and aimed at development, NGOs differ in so many ways and aspects. They can be safely categorized into various groupings. They can be CBOs, FBOs, and they can also be INGOs. The World Bank for example classified NGOs into 3 main groups, they are a. Community Based organizations (CBO) these are NGOs that are based or directly in touch with the Local communities and usually set up by the communities themselves, e. g.CODEC, CDF, PAMUHE in Zamfara State. b. State NGOs (SNGO) & National NGOs (NNGO) these organizations as the name implies operate as State or at national level in their countries of origin e. g. GLONIJ, FOMWAN, PEDO in Zamfara State etc c. International (INGOs) there are typically in developed countries and they usually carryout their activities in more than one country e. g. CARE, OXFAM, etc. Some of the other categories also include d. BINGO Business Oriented International NGOs. e. RINGO Religious International NGOs. f. FBNGO Faith Based NGOs. g. ENGO environmental NGOs. . GONGO Government Operated NGOs. i. QUANGO Quasi autonomous NGOs. Further sub-divisions are also possible Active NGOs these are the ones that strive to address the root causes of societal problems they stage programmes that even attract the media. They are either advocacy, service or development oriented. In active NGOs These are the less functional ones that have less or no funding whatsoever but attend conferences, seminars and workshops. plan Case NGOs These are usually one-man show often described as Portfolio Type or a collection of Family Business Groups.Umbrella Organizations for NGOs exist with names like Networks These are groups of NGOs from different areas, states or regions that comes from different backgrounds but working in the undifferentiated field but not nec essary the same focus and mission. e. g Cisnan Coalitions these are umbrella organizations that consist of different NGOs working in different fields of human endevour. They are of differing focus, objectives and missions but they are united for the betterment of their causes and social welfare. e. g Zacons Who fund NGOs? There are a number of funding sources or bodies working with different NGOs.They may be categorizes in the following 1. Self- Funding Registration fees, Dues, Levies, Donations, Investments Returns, etc. 2. Local, State or Federal Governments Naca, Zamsaca, etc 3. Foreign Governments Like the U. S (USAID), U. K (DFID), E. U, etc. 4. UN Agencies UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, UNIFEM, etc 5. International NGOs Global Fund, Oxfam, AAIN, etc 6. Philanthropies/Foundations hybridisation Foundation, Rock feller Foundation, Carnegie Foundation, Heinrich Foundation, Melinda Gates Foundation, Packard Foundation, Macarthur Foundation, etc THE ROLE OF NGOs IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTAfter ca sting a picture of what NGOs are by showing how they operate and why they are established, we can now safely delve into their contributions national development. NGOs as non state actors, have played and are stilling playing very primary(prenominal) and major role in initiating and supporting various Local, National and International developmental activities. To make sense out of this, one may digress a little to show how NGOs are also playing their role internationally. For example concerted campaigns, enormous pressure and actions by States together with NGOs led to the establishment of the International Court of Justice.Globally, NGOs have impacted direct and meaningful involvement in shaping the international agenda at the United Nations and regional levels through unparalleled negotiations. NGOs are found in international and regional committees. They also contributed in the MDG and NEEDs programme. They are also intermeshed as partners in United Nations Agencies such as the UNEP, UNFAO, UNDP, UNCTAP and UNCHR. But since this is outside the scope of this paper there is no need to go further. NOW WHAT IS THE MEANING OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT?To understand the contribution of NGOs to National Development especially in Nigeria, we need to acquaint ourselves with the meaning of the term National Development. Development of any nation is defined by the advanced learners Dictionary as that nations process of changing and evolving pattern of becoming larger, stronger, more successful or more advanced. The Roles of Civil Society and Citizen organizations (in national development) are becoming better understood around the world, says Martin Sime, Chief Executive Officer the Scottish Council of Voluntary Organizations. NGOs has been over the last(prenominal) decade ahead of government on many key issues of our times, said Mr. Naidoo an Executive social worker. Another separate testimony by Mr. Mario Whether we take the issue of land mines, environment, human immu nodeficiency virus/AIDS, global poverty agenda, gender equity, civil societys impact is quite significant and remarkable in terms of facing difficult challenges of our time and displace forth solutions that are more bold, more courageous and more innovative than many who are constrained by their political office says Mario Lubetkin, Director General of the Inter Press Service (IPS).Even though NGOs as oppose to Governments, are well outside decision-making machinery of Governments, they have proved as dependable partners in the formulation of policies and programmes whenever consulted by Governments. Let us now list some areas of contribution by NGOs. 1. NGOs have contributed immensely in monitoring and exposing bad governance, corruption, electric razor trafficking, etc. 2. They have also served as think tanks and resource base for training, capacity, research and advocacy, project planning and execution. 3.Many NGOs have gained the trust of people and Governments, so the Governm ents machinery has begun to engage and dialogue with them thereby tapping their expertise and skills. NGOs are now no longer considered adversaries but partners in progress. 4. NGOs have had significant progress in elevator public awareness on almost any issue that arose. This they do through increased campaigns, sensitization, information collection and data analysis. 5. They have forged ties and engaged in fruitful partnership and networking among themselves. This has boosted cooperation, unity and more developmental services they render to the people. . They have played significant role in shaping the take for sustainable development. They execute concrete projects and advocate for the formal participation of women in division making. 7. NGOs are contributing immensely in the attainment of environmental umpire through protection of social, economic and environmental rights. 8. They have contributed in MDG, NEEDs, Micro credit scheme and poverty alleviation. NGOs in Zamfara Sta te that are affiliated and members of the optical fusion have contributed to the development of Zamfara States in many ways and at different levels.Currently, NGOs have employed a number of youth both male and feminine as full time development staff and some on office routine. They can also boost of the largest collection of humanitarian volunteers from communities, civil services and the business sphere of influence. NGOs in the state have executed a lot of projects totaling more than 30 millions naira in the past 3 years alone. More then 60 projects in the area of education, health and good governance were executed in Zamfara State. NGOs have exalted themselves in areas of exchange of ideas and information. They have engaged in a number of capacity building workshops and other International Forums.NGOs have attended and represented Zamfara State in a number of seminars, workshops and conferences. In the past few years NGOs in Zamfara can boost of accomplishing the following as their own contribution to state and national development 1. Enhancing Girls Basic Education in Communities LGAs in Zamfara State. 2. Peer Education, Kasaurara II Project in 12 Northern States. 3. Self help Community Development Projects, 4. Construction of Culverts and Drainages, 5. Participation in Environmental Sanitation Programme. 6. Quiz competition on Radio and T. V among Youth in the State. 7.Sensitization and Awareness on the Annual Hajj exercise. 8. Sensitization workshops on Reproductive Health issues. 9. Organizing of Leadership training courses. 10. Construction of Community Primary School in Tudun Wada, 11. Renovation of Boreholes. 12. Quarterly Training of Trainers Programme on HIV/AIDS. 13. Publication of Books and Journals for Adult and Children 14. Monitoring of Census and Election. 15. Youth and Women Skills training in Zamfara 16. homework of Care and Support for PLHVA 17. Provision of Emergency and First serve services. 18. look into Projects on Child Begging and offering solution 19.Sensitization workshop on HIV to opinion leaders. 20. Public Enlightenment of Women on current issues 21. Provision of Public Pumps at U/Zabarma, Gusau 22. Organization of Inter-Secondary Schools Debate 23. Participation in Tree Planting Campaign. 24. Staging of Conflict mitigation workshops 25. Provision of HIV choice Centre. 26. Sensitization on Affirmative Action for Women 27. Provision of Micro Credit to Women 28. Budget Tracking Workshops 29. Launching of VCT centers and Hotlines in the State In Zamfara State NGOs can be found in different communities set up to work at Local, State and National Levels.This is in recognition of the role they can play in giving useful advises, constructive criticism and sound policy decisions. WHAT ARE THE ROLES PLAYED BY NGOs IN NATIONAL SECURITY Again let us address the term and notion of security and national security before indicating the role the NGOs play in ensuring national Security. In a abbreviation National S ecurity as defined by Wikipedia, the internet encyclopedia refers to the public policy of ensuring the survival and integrity of the nation state through the use of economic, social and military power and the exercise of diplomacy in both peace and war time.The strategy used or employed by the states to protect national security is numerous. They include the use of diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation of the enemy. Others measures include the use of intelligence and network of agents to depend, defeat or avoid threats and espionage and protect classified information. However, national security does entirely and solely depend on the military power or population of a nation but the social well being of the people of a nation.The components that make up national security include the following i. Food security ii. scotch security iii. policy-making security iv. Social security As indicated above, the notion of na tional security does not however mean the enforcement of laws and security operations. National security is a collective and relative name. It does not only means enforcement of fear or restoration of Security, but the settlement of all sources of insecurity, which must include the provision of all of the above components.The NGOs helped in no small measure in the maintenance of each of the three mentioned security components. Let us try and list them in this order i. Food Security NGOs most visible role and contribution is in the fight against hunger, unemployment and poverty. They perform so well in these areas by demanding for good policies by governments on the issues of tackling poverty. They help in getting food to the hungry and the needy through humanitarian services, philanthropy, charity and endowments. A hungry man they say is indeed an angry man and conversely a source of insecurity. ii. Economic SecurityThrough the pursuance of good economic policies by governments th e NGOs press for economic reforms and better economic measure to ensure a secure miserliness that buttress businesses and other economic activities. NGOs are in the forefront in the fight for accountability, transparency and equity by public and private office holders. iii. Political Security In the public and leadership arena, NGOs are in the forefront in the fight for good governance, democracy and human development. NGOs engage leaders and public office holders by ensuring public based legislation, participation and equal opportunities are provided. v. Social Security This is one of the most and very important components of national security. Ensuring social cohesion, integration, participation, efficient and adequate distribution of social services and conveniences. NGOs also help in the fight for equal opportunities and employment that are integral to their activities not only nationally but also globally. On the health sector the NGOs has reacted to HIV/AIDs, Malaria and Tub erculosis with unprecedented attention and dispatch it deserves. NGOs IN WAR AND PEACEAs generally believed, peace is not only the absence of war but a state of maximum security free from all forms of fear. Conversely, there is no security without peace. NGOs offer their services in peacetime and also offer humanitarian services in events of emergencies such as epidemics, earthquakes and other natural or man made disasters. NGOs contribute in no small measure in times of peace and security. This becomes evidently clear in the sense that NGOs themselves help in bridging gaps, resolution of conflicts and public enlightenment on contentious issues.Even though there some NGOs whose formation and activities draws some security concerns, one may make haste to say that those NGOs only strive as a result of inadequate security and failure of governments to provide checks and balances which fuels their existence and increase their activities. These NGOs may include utmost(prenominal) press ure groups, armed freedom fighters, criminal gangs, rebels, cultist, syndicates, cartels, ethnic and racial movements, nationalist fighters, etc. Therefore these organizations should be carefully separated from developmental and progressive NGOs.Even though the above voluntary and community organizations may be initially established or formed by a law abiding community and legally, but later their activities may draw some special concerns, fears and security threats. Generally a good NGO should contribute and argument the effort of their communities, localities, states and nation in their chosen areas of operations. NGOs IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND SECURITY There are numerous NGOs that are found in uniform or out of uniform that help security services in the maintenance of law and order. They participate in confronting emergencies by providing assistants and First Aid support. . g. Red Cross, Red Crescent, Man O War Bay, Civil Defense, Volunteer Forces, Scouts, Girls Guide, Boys Brigades , etc. CONCLUSION One painful fact still remains that security networks and by extension their Governments have not yet recognized and appreciated the huge reserve of knowledge, capacity and resources resident within the voluntary sector that can contribute to their policies and programmes towards National development. On their part, some NGOs underestimated their relevance and the role they can play in National Development and Security through engaging Governments at all levels on all issues.Criticisms of NGOs from some quarters that are either not direct recipient of their services or are ignorant of the role they are playing in national development also abound. They are being called all sorts of names that include they are self appointed, undemocratic, answer to no constituency, encroaches on National and International laws, long arm of their sponsoring partners, resembles multinationals, chase disasters, proponents of western values, aggressive organizations, extremist, etc.What ever the criticism, it is evidently clear that nationally and Internationally, political and economic developments has risen with the rise and rise of NGOs, Civil Organizations has become a vital link and force for social change. They put people first before profit they put food first before reserve or politicking. The bottom line is that, the work of NGOs which is the provision of socio-economic needs of the people as well as caring for their well being are also the key elements in any development and security effort of any nation.The security of people must starts from meeting their human needs. This implies that social amenities such as shelter, education, health and other infrastructural materials and the elimination of economic inequality are part of security. All of the above cannot be secured unless and until we have good governance, democracy, peace, security and sustainable national development. Fortunately, these are exactly what the NGOs are fighting for and were known fo r globally. . The Author of the paper holds HND in Printing Technology from Kaduna Polytechnic in 1989.He worked in the private sector and was one time Managing Director Nasiha Professional Printers, Sokoto and Zamfara States. He was also the Press Manager, Mazan Fara Printing Press, Gusau. He worked in the public sector and was the Chief Superintendent of Press, Survey Division, Ministry of Lands and Survey, Zamfara State. He also served NGOs in different capacities Executive Member, Muslim Students Society, Kaduna Polytechnic Branch, Secretary General, Joint Youth Islamic Organizations, Zamfara State.Currently he is the Secretary General, Global Network for Islamic Justice, Zamfara State, Executive Director, Partnership for Muslim Health, Zamfara State, Chairman, Coalition of Non-Governmental Organizations, Zamfara State, President, Association of Nigeria Authors, Zamfara State Chapter. He has attended so many seminars and conferences both at national and international levels. Th e Author is currently employed with the Zamfara State Zakat and Endowment Board, in the position of Director Zakat Collection.SOME ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED AAN-Action Aid Nigeria CSACEFA-Civil Society Action Coalition on Education for All. CISHNAN-Civil Society Network on HIV/AIDS. DFID-Department for International Development. SFH-Society for Family Health SACA-State Action Committee on help USAID-United State Agency for International Development CODEC-Community Development Centre NACA-National Action Committee on Aids CISCOPE-Civil Society Action Coalition on pauperism Eradication GLONIJ-Global Network For Islamic JusticeUNDP-United Nations Development Programme NEEDS-National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy IDASA-Institute of Democracy South Africa. ZASCON-Zamfara State Coalition of NGOs AAIN-Action Aid International SEEDS-State Economic Empowerment Development Strategy TMG-Transition Monitoring Group PLWHA-People Living with HIV/AIDS CARE-Cooperative Assistant for Relief all over REFERENCE The rise and rise of NGOs Peter Hall-Jones, Public Services International, May, 2006.NGOs the self appointed altruist Sam Vakain, Ph. D 2005 The role of Egypt C. S. O in Development & Reform USEF Panel Discussion Notes, 2004. Categorizing NGOs World Bank Criteria. Towards an enabling legal environment for CSO Sixteenth Annual John Hopkins International Fellows in Philanthropy Conference, Nairobi, Kenya. NGOs Wikipeadia the free encyclopedia. C. S. O & Democratic oversight of the security sector Macina Caparini, DCAF, International Security Forum Zurich, 2002.

Constitution vs Articles of Confederation Essay

As one of the creators of the advanced war paint of 1788, you are chosen to present its strengths as compared to the weaknesses of the Articles of alignment. What areas of importance will you stress in attempting to get it passed unharmedly?Give good well-reasoned arguments in a report of approximately 400 words. You will rent to research the details of each document, using resources from the library, the Internet, or other sources. Be sure to use proper spelling and grammar.Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation were a write agreement, formalise by the thirteen original states of the United States of America, which laid the guidelines as to how the US organisation was supposed to function. Sometimes, simply referred to as Articles, this agreement was created in November 1777, and ratified by the 13 original states in March 1781. Within a few years of its ratification, it was subjected to severe criticism by the Founding Fathers of the United States. Eventu al oney, it was unflinching that this agreement had to be revised to suit the needs of the nation as a whole. In May 1787, delegates from the 13 states met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. However, in extend of convention all the delegation members came to a mutual conclusion that rewriting the entire Constitution was better than revising the existing Articles of the Confederation.The US ConstitutionThe US Constitution, which is considered to be the supreme law in the United States of America today, is an agreement which provides the guidelines for the organization of the United States government, i.e. the federal government, and its relationship with various states and citizens of the country. Basically, the numerous problems with the Articles laid the psychiatric hospital for a new constitution. When the delegates from all the thirteenstates met to revise the Articles of Confederation, they came to a mutual conclusion that drafting a new constitution was mu ch viable resource than revising the existing one which was full of problems. The delegates involved in the Philadelphia Convention, where the new US Constitution was drafted, included some of the prominent names of the American account including James Madison, George Washington, William Pierce and Benjamin Franklin.Articles of Confederation vs. the US ConstitutionIf you try to compare the Articles with the new Constitution, you realize that the former was full of drawbacks, while the latter had answers to all these drawbacks. The Articles was subjected to severe criticism for the very fact that it centralized all the powers in the hands of state government, and left the national government with no major powers at all. As opposed to the unicameral system which was facilitated by the Articles of Confederation, the US Constitution introduced the bicameral system of governance, which was divided into the upper house and lower house. Yet other difference between the two was pertaining to the number of votes each state had. While the Articles had a provision of one vote for every single state disregarding of its size, the US Constitution had the provision of one vote per representative or senator.Similarly, the new Constitution also made provision for executive and judiciary branches of the government, something which the Articles of Confederation didnt facilitate. When the Articles were the supreme law of the land, the national government required approval from 9 of the total 13 states to pass new laws. This was also changed in the new Constitution wherein approval of more than half of the total nominees of the states is decent to pass new laws. In order to amend the constitution, the national government required unanimous approval from all the 13 states. As per the new law though, the number was changed and only 2/3rd of the both houses and 3/4th of state legislatures was enough to amend the Constitution. This made the task of amending very easy, and the 27 a mendments to the US Constitution highlight this very fact very well.The federal courts were not in find out when the Articles of Confederation was the supreme law. But when the US Constitution was introduced, it did feature provision for federal courts, which were assigned the responsibility of resolving disputes between the citizens as well as the states. While the Articles didnt give the national government the right to levy taxes on its citizens, the Constitution did give the federal government the powers to do so. Similarly, the federal government required approval from the states to raise an army as per the stipulations of the Articles. According to the Constitution, on the other hand, the federal government has the right to raise an army to deal with skirmish situations. The Articles didnt allow any interference on the part of the federal government in terms of regulation of trade and commerce, but the US Constitution gave the federal government the right to control trade an d commerce at the international level as well as the inter-state level.The new Constitution was drafted because the Articles of Confederation, which preceded it, didnt live up to the expectations. The states were undoubtedly happy as they were in command, with the national government having no enforcing authority whatsoever, but this left the United States of America in a state of chaos with each state coming up with its own laws. With all this chaos, the US Constitution was surely the need of the hour.

Compare Tom Regan, Carl Cohen and Peter Singer in Terms of Animal Rights

Animal rights are one of the most polemical issues today. There has been endless debate about whether or not animals nurture rights. Philosophers attempt to come up with the honourable conclusions by taking in account the many different standpoints and presenting their related arguments. In his essay The case of animal rights, Tom Regan, a professor of philosophy at North Carolina State University, defends his positioning that the center of our moral concern should not bring the suffering on animal as tumefy as treating animals in a certain way.In other words, we should treat animals as if they are our property. We should barely expenditure them to benefit us and hurting them is an action that is not morall(a)y justifiable. In addition, in his phrase All Animal Are Equal, Peter vocaliser, an Australian philosopher, has many points which show us that we harbor responsibilities to protect animal rights. Singers argument in his essay gives us a nifty support to the argument that Reagan trying to discuss in terms of morally equal.In contrast, The case of the physical exertion of animals in bio aesculapian research by Carl Cohen, a philosophy professor at University of Michigan health check School, although he agrees with Regans idea in terms of moral rights as well as practices that basically involve harming animals are morally unjustified, he strongly supports for the use of animal in medical research, and scientific experiments to avoid risking gracious lives. The case of animal rights, all animal are equal and The case of the use of animals in biomedical research introduce to us a new thinking about treating animals.In his essay, Tom Regan points out theories are deficient in animals. The author discusses Indirect duty moot which existence should recognize that animals should have the same rights as humans and they have the duty to uphold these rights. Besides that, Regan states in the Contractarianism that humans have rights and can protect th eir rights under the terms of the contract they signed. However, he indicated that animals have no rights because they cannot sign the contract. We humans should have direct duties to all animals.Even the views including Indirect duty view, Cruelty-kindness view, and Utilitarian view fail to protect animal rights, he promotes the right view, which is the inherent value view. The author states that all individuals, including human and nonhuman animals, who are experienced the subject of life, should have equal inherent values and equal rights piece of music being treated with respect. In addition, Peter Singer agrees with Regan that all animals are morally equal, at least with regard to their suffering. Peter Singer argues the point that animals and humans should be granted equal experimental condition. Granting equal amity means that humans and animals do not need to be treated exactly the same way, save that they need to be treated in an appropriate manner. Singer believes that suffering is the vital characteristic that gives a being the right to equal consideration. If all beings are able to suffer, animals should be treated with consideration equal to humans in most circumstances. Moreover, in his essay All animals are equal, Peter Singer points out the case for womens rights and refers to similar arguments of animals rights.Since animals rights were absurd, the argument for womens rights must be mistaken. In contrast with both Regan and Singers views, Carl Cohen gives us strong evidences to demonstrate his standpoints why animals have no rights. He claims rights only exists within a community of moral agents who can make moral claims against each other and just human can exercise moral judgment. He thinks we must at least treat animals humanely, but this does not mean we need to treat them as if they have rights.He also compared the differences between animals with brain damaged persons, senile or young in terms of the world power to make claim which is essential to being a person. Thats why these people are serene part of our moral community, but animals are not. Moreover, he strongly supports to the increasing in the use of animals for medical experiments. He agrees that we actually need to increase the number experiments to avoid risking human lives because the increase in higher rank , decrease in pain , the significant numbers of lives saved , the quality of human life all depends on such those research or experiments.

Analysis of ‘The Death of a Moth” Essay

Virginia Woolf is a British writer born in 1882 and she died a horrific remainder in 1941. She jumped unto River Ouse wearing an overcoat change with rocks. She committed suicide as she was depressed and has a pessimistic feeling towards life due to a mental illness she has been cursed with. She wrote The Death of the Moth in 1942. This essay contains a wide variety of rhetorical devices that makes it intriguing. Although the essay is short, she wrote a detailed story with an underlying metaphor. In this non-fictional essay, she effectively conveys her ideas through the use of figurative language.She uses an extended metaphor in which the moth symbolizes humans in the way it lives its life. The essay entraps the reader into the outgoing essay of our own mortality. Throughout the essay, the reader becomes aware of the tragedy that all life has to offer and that is the inevitable death. The composing is not lucid in the beginning. But in the latter part of the essay, one can take off that the moth actually symbolizes humans and life. In the essay, she illustrates the struggle between life and death.Her purpose in writing this transition is to depict how pathetic life is in the face of death, and to garner respect for the awesome function that death has over life. Throughout the essay, death is described from many different angles. The purpose of this is to remind us of the power that death has over life. She shows us the death is certain and unavoidable. She does not convey this message with logic, but with kinda with emotions, feelings, and implicit ideas. She makes us feel the death of the moth to impart us a more complete soul of the eternal power of death.She uses several different types of figurative and literary language. As mentioned earlier, the essay is an extended metaphor. She employ simile several times. For example, until it looked as if a vast net with thousands of black knots in it had been cast up into the air. In this simile, she des cribes a gathering of crows in the trees outside her window. In addition, she uses parallelism, which occurs when she writes That was all he could do, in scandalize of the size of the downs, the width of the sky, the far-off smoke of houses, and the romantic voice, now and then, of a steamer out at sea. A good example of hyperbole is present when the author describes One could only watch the olympian effort made by those tiny legs against an oncoming doom which could, had it chosen, have submerged an entire city, not merely a city, but masses of human beings By using such a simplex creatures struggle against death as a metaphor, Woolf creates a beautiful essay on the fragility of life. Her simplicity and detail keeps her essay from becoming overcomplicated, overly dramatic, or depressing. It was a surprisingly loose and meaningful essay on an event that most people would probably overlook.

Media Manipulation

There ar certain negative roles of Pakistani media . thread Is negatively manipulating the Interests of the people. People of Pakistan are yet not critical / educated enough to realize this handling / twisting of facts. There is a famous dictum that a lie spoken 100 measure becomes greater than a truth Pakistani media is also blamed for overwhelming negative caricature. It glossaries issues, resorts to negative exaggeration of matters, newspaper headlines are depicting violence, etc all this demoralizes the nation.At times news are given without authentication / confirmation. unethical material / photographs / scenes are shown on our media promoting popularization. Medal Is damaging basic fiber of our nation and has created a crisis of dangle identification. Our initial investigation into the thing of truth manipulation began by conducting a cultural probe, followed by an encompassing literature review from various sources. Further primary methods such as surveys, questionna ires and focus sorts may be functiond to further enhance our learning and association.User testing will be used during the convention exploitation stage to determine if the target grocery store is receptive to NY developed outcomes. Our aim is to equip the exoteric with knowledge as to the ways and means the media uses to Influence their whimsys. This will open up the option for our target market to mixture their own opinions on Issues, rather than taking the political or social stallion at TTS alliance. t TN ten meal wellness to Insult II upon I Following on from semesters group discussions, we begin by discussing and looking into issues concerning our views and perceptions of communication.Self-promotion and publishing, via the pulping of new media outlets such as You Tube, My space, Face book and web logs has of late provided an alternative to the traditional way of receiving news discipline. The liking of creating and selecting the kind of information we wish to enr ich ourselves with has steady become more attractive as of late. With such a dynamic flow of information casualty around the globe, North Korea nearlyhow stands out in its shelter.. We, as a eastern order, on the other hand are exposed to various kinds of information on a daily basis.Up to 3000 advertising messages per twenty-four hour period to be precise. We cannot walk around a block without being attracted to buy a certain product, use form of service, or have a particular view. There is an absolute abundance of options. But are we really free to choose? Who is it to say that our source of information does not choose our information for us? Are we, despite having freedom of choice, not at all This idea formed the basis of our selected topic of research and led to the exploration of truth manipulation in the current media landscape.AIMS & OBJECTIVES Firstly to create sensation amongst the public about techniques employed by media corporation to spin truths and push their p olitical and social agendas and opinions upon society. hence to equip the reference with necessary means in order to defend themselves against truth manipulation in the current media landscape. The objective is not to dictate views or opinions but to encourage a critical post when listening to, reading and taking in news and current affairs information.We would like to encourage the audience to think for themselves, form their own opinions and draw logical conclusions from the media they absorb. PURPOSE, NEED & SIGNIFICANCE As a consumer driven society, the public are often immature to the variety of ethos employed by media giants in order to bow opinions to support with their own agendas. Many of these cooperations have continuously dishonored their responsibility to serve public delight and raise unbiased awareness of news and current issues.As time progresses, and sophistication in technology becomes more and more advanced, consumers are becoming more at risk to truth manip ulation as they do not nave ten addle TTY to Keep up Witt meal movements I Nils provokes ten meal giants with the luck to force their opinions and as a result the unsuspecting public come more susceptible to the victor of the medias deeds. This is a demoralizing factor in todays society, as society puts a certain amount of deposit into the media and hope that what they are delivering is authentic and unaltered information rather than issues that have been fictitious to benefit utility(prenominal) needs.This is where the public are being misled. What is needed to overcome these troubling issues is a raise in public awareness. Propaganda and truth manipulation must be exposed so the public are able to assist that the information they receive is not necessary the whole truth. Once this occurs, e as a society will be better equipped to form our own opinions, and perhaps even regain some power over media giants. Grassroots is where this movement must begin and it is our aim to assist such a cause. RESEARCH METHODS This project centers around research and investigation.In order to absorb and analyze as much information as possible on the chosen topic of truth manipulation, we have decided to employ several(prenominal) vastly different research methods. Initial investigation began by conducting a cultural probe. This method is a first- hand data gathering attempt. The exercise involved using five people to participate in series of news, media and communication related activities. The aim of this method is more about gathering inspiration than information. The outcomes and results of this method are outlined below in the section entitled Cultural Probe Results.Secondary research took the form of a literature review, as included on the following pages. Each group member selected or was assigned a series of literature and information sources to investigate and report. Sources included documentaries, films, publications, Journals, articles, case studies and electroni c resources. twain global and local issues were explored. This form of research aided a better understanding of our topic, and helped us form individual and collective opinions of the issues arising. The outcome is the following argumentative essay.At the point of writing this research proposal, third and quaternate methods of investigation are being discussed. Further primary methods such as surveys, questionnaires and focus groups may be used to further enhance our learning and knowledge. User testing will be used during the design development stage to determine if the target market are receptive to any developed outcomes. major(ip) meal corporations use tenet power Ana meal outlets to portray an oaten hidden political or social agenda. To do so they spin and manipulate truths, molding information to suit their cause.Authenticity of information is baffled owing to this trend, and it has become increasingly difficult for the public to separate fact from fabricated fiction and fa lse, tawdry information. The media has a role to portray true and relevant information and so serve public interest. This idea is seemingly lost on many media giants who are more focused on profit and swaying opinion than delivering a realistic and reasonable account of rent affairs and issues. This goes against the Journalistic promise to honor societies even up to true and honest information.