The Fertilizer Industry In India Environmental Sciences Essay

The position food assiduity In India Environmental Sciences Es give voiceThe fertiliser deeds was instinctiveised in 1906 in Tamil Nadu. The growth of the fertiliser diligence began in 1951 with plant establishment by fertiliser Corporation of India. The constant exact of plant food resulted in Green Revolution and lead to spreading of patience in industry in several split of India. Today, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala and Punjab maintain over half of the total perplex of fertilizer required in India. Apart from them, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Goa and Karnataka atomic number 18 also important producers of fertilizers. The simplicity of obligate ability of inbred gas resulted in the wide spread of the fertilizer industry. India produces due northous nearly 11 zillion tones, phosphate 4 million tones and potash fertilizers to 1.7 million tones. The farming imports pota ssium from abroad.Chemical and bio fertilizers play a vital role in the success of green revolution in India. India is basic anyy an agriculture foc employ prudence flourishing on Indian fertilizers. With green revolution, Indian fertilizer manufacturers and suppliers aro role enhanced their production and sop up attained self-sufficiency in the needs of Indian fertilizers. The industry of Indian fertilizers is associated celestial spheres of agricultural sphere. India surfaced as the handsomest producer of chemical substance fertilizers, nitrogenous fertilizers as tumesce as bio fertilizer in association with unvarying endeavour of manufacturers and suppliers of fertilizer. Today, India evict boast of having surplus food grain and this excess argon facilitated call fitting to the Indian fertilizers. The manufacture and fertilizers supply is viewed as the nearly vigour process in the Indian industry. The nitrogenous as well as bio fertilizers redeem great impact on the hire of goods and services of energy and the determining factors for susceptibility of energy in the industry atomic number 18 diet stocks, engineering science, talent exercise and plant age.Indian disposal formulated policies favourable to the fertilizer suppliers, consumers and manufacturers. This was support by numerous committees and was formulated by the Indian government to encounter the policies regarding fertilizers. The accession in the fertilizer industry is approved to favourable policies. Now, in that location be numerous fertilizer units and supply a wide upchuck of fertilizers. This is appargonnt from the steady global exact for Indian fertilizers that is being fulfilled. youthful years is viewing a take in for organic fertilizers besides inorganic fertilizers. Many private fertilizer companies are showing positive motility by setting plants in various countries and are elevating the demand for chemical and bio fertilizers. The fertilizers industry in India has a good and bright future in the marketplace. The Indian government is offering optimal support by subsidizing bare materials as well as by relaxing the export policies and this is open to be favourable to the fertilizer companies. fertilizers are chemical compounds applied to drift forward plant and fruit growth. fertilisers are usually applied either by the vulgarism (for wasting disease by plant roots) or, by foliar feeding (for uptake by means of leaves). fertilizers keep be placed into the categories of organic fertilizers (composed of decayed plant/animal matter), or inorganic fertilizers (composed of simple chemicals and minerals) .Organic fertilizers are of course occurring compounds, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as peat, manufactured through natural processes (such as composting), or naturally occurring mineral deposits Fertilizers typically provide, in varying proportions, the three major(ip)(ip) plant nutrientsIndustrial Environment of Fertilize rs..Cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct of mining, smelting and refining of coat and, to a lesser degree, as a byproduct of lead and sloven production. It is in that locationfore primarily a function of zinc production rather than cadmium demand.Major shifts in smelting and refining technology (from pyrometallurgical to hydrometallurgical processes) keep back led to signifi bunst cliffs in releases of cadmium to the environment.Cadmium is social functiond and traded globally as a metal and as a fixings in various products, in particular in batteries until it was banned in a number of countries.Other major designs of refined cadmium are Pigments for plastics, Ceramics and enamels Stabilizers for plastics Plating on iron and steel and alloying element of round lead, copper and tin alloys.Since 1990, the use of such products has been decreasing significantly because of the awareness of the pernicious impacts on wellness and the environment.Waste management systems have increasingly been put in place in industrialized countries to reduce releases of cadmium into the environment. However, some of the uses of cadmium which have been phased out in developed countries have act or even increase in developing countries.INDUSTRIAL participationThis leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburban areas with a senior high school rate of economic activity. These urban centers require the input of external energy sources in order to overcome the diminishing returns of agricultural consolidation, due part to the lack of nearby arable land, associated transportation and storage costs, and are impudent(prenominal) unsustainable. Industrial societies are generally mass societies. Industrial society is characterized by the use of external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to increase the rate and cuticle of production. The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine harvesters and petroleum establish fertilizers, are used to decrease required human labor while increasing production. No perennial needed for the production of food, excess labor is moved into these factories where mechanization is employ to further increase efficiency. As populations grow, and mechanization is further refined, often to the take of automation, many workers shift to inflateing service industries.MAJOR PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURE exertion Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the horseshitment increment that led to the rise of civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. trim backs) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of to a greater extent than densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is cognize as agricultural science (the related practice of gardening is canvas in horticulture). Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialtie s and techniques, including slipway to expand the lands suitable for plant raising, by digging water-channels and other forms of irrigation. Cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on departland remain at the foundation of agriculture. In the past century in that respect has been increasing stage business to identify and quantify various forms of agriculture. In the developed world the range usually extends between sustainable agriculture (e.g. permaculture or organic agriculture) and intense farming (e.g. industrial agriculture). Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological advancements have acutely increased yields from cultivation, and at the similar time have caused widespread bionomical damage and negative human health make. Selective breeding and new-made practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming (and similar practices applied to the chicken) have similarly increased the output s ignal of meat, save have raised concerns or so animal cruelty and the health depressions of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production tilled land is the practice of plowing soil to direct for planting or for nutrient incorporation or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to no-till. It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, alone also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diverseness of soil organisms . Pest control includes the management of weeds, insects/mites, and diseases. Chemical (pesticides), biological (biocontrol), automatic (tillage), and cultural practices are used. Cultural practices include crop rotation, culling, cover crops, intercropping, composting, avoidance, and resistance. incorporated pest management attempts to use all of these mo des to keep pest populations beneath the number which would cause economic loss, and recommends pesticides as a last resort.. alimental management includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of utilization of spread out produced by livestock. Nutrient inputs can be chemical inorganic fertilizers, manure, green manure, compost and mined minerals Crop nutrient use may also be managed using cultural techniques such as crop rotation or a fallow period muck is utilized either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing such as in Managed intensive rotational grazing, or by spreading either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or pastures. Water management is where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world. Some farmers use irrigation to extension rainfall. In other areas such as the Great Plains in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture to use for growing a crop in the following year. Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide.The role of the fertilizer industry The fertilizer industry helps tell that farmers have the nutrients they need to grow enough crops to amass the worlds requirements for food, feed, fiber and energy. The nutrients supplied by the industry The fertilizer industry countenances the adoption of Fertilizer Best Management Practices (FBMPs) as part of good agricultural practices. future trends in this industryFertilizer technology may be predicted by extrapolating from current developments. Mixtures and materials with high percentages of plant nutrients volition dominate the field. Better ways of providing nitrogen, the most expensive of the three major nutrients, exit be forthcoming, including increased use of anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and urea. No leachable nitrogen, for example, can be obtained through the urea-formaldehyde (ureaform) reaction, and ammonium met phosphate offers a concentrated liquid product. Micronutrients, or examine elements, specific to particular geographical areas pull up stakes come into increasing use, as will utilisation mixing and bulk selling of mixtures containing several nutrients based on reliable soil and plant data. may come into use with the tape planted, no further fertilizer or water will be needed until growth is well established. Such techniques using perishable tapes have al form been developed on a small scale for use by home gardeners. Finally, larger and more precise fertilizing machines will be developed and adopted.The fertilizer sector in India holds a major share among the energy intensive industries of the country. The industry has shown unparalleled growth in the past few years. Although growing in an accelerating rate, the industry is faced with a number of challenges, inter alia, the lack of major plant resources such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium. The government has establis hed nine public sector undertakings in the Indian fertilizer market and one cooperative society, k now as the Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited (KRIBHCO) that functions under the supervision of the Department of Fertilizers in India. in that respect are 63 large units dedicated to the production of fertilizers. Among these, 9 units produce ammonium sulphate while 38 units produce urea. in that location are 79 small and medium scale units producing single superphosphate. frugal IMPACT ON THE INDUSTRYThe economy of the country does have grand impact on the fertilizer industry in the following ways The cost of this industry is quite high which is very difficult for the economy of the country to support especially in current circumstances. infixed fellate is the main requirement of this industry and it is very difficult to fulfill that. latterly the government has announced the cut in the supply of the Natural ball up in the shape of load shedding. When there is a boom in the a griculture sector of the economy, the demand of the fertilizers also gets increased which puts positive effect on the industry.HUMAN RESOURCE ISSUES IN INDUSTRY at that place would non be any of such issues in the industry as the ameliorate human resource is easily available and for further enhancement in performance training should be conducted in companies both technical and interpersonal. overleap IN MARKETINGIneffective distribution process. Prices are not same in all over Pakistan. Un modernized target market because of this trade is difficult. New entrants discouraged. Rigid and slow reaction to market changes. Weak challenger or deficits may lead to impairment gouging and/or product adulteration. conduct EASILY AVAILABLEFinancing is easily available in this sector. The government is willing to develop this sector so that it would fulfill the requirements. Recently, two plants are opening one is of Fatima Fertilizer and one of Engro Ammonia Plant. In hear of Engro Amm onia Plant there is total investment of $1billion is needed, for which it has signed a syndicate loan of Rs 18.3 billion.IMPACT OF POLITICAL PARTIESAs in India, there is a culture that all of the work related to government activity would be easier only when you have good relationship with these parties. Fertilizer attention has in any eggshell much concern with the government for availability of Natural Gas and Water, subsidy, anti-dumping duty, and custom free import and so on. All these factors have considerable effect on the profitability of the companies and without political parties help, companies will not be able to get these benefits. In the industry, all companies have very good and changeless relation with the political parties and therefore enjoy benefits which they want to. So, we can say that the impact of political parties is positive on this industryTRADE ISSUES colligate TO fertilizer INDUSTRY1. Agreement is being made that the market forces will be allowed t o work, in the case of fertilizer imports.2. To stop dumping in fertilizer industry the WTO regulation related to anti dumping must be applied in the industry for the industry benefit.3. In case of import the fertilizer producing companies are exempted where as the non4. The introduction of General gross sales Tax on fertilizers should be carefully considered since it would have serious implications on price relations. 5. trade information and monitoring by the National Fertilizer Development Centre should be strengthened to serve as a real information eye for the fertilizer sector.PROPOSALS GIVEN BY peck OF FERTILIZER INDUSTRYThe first point in proposal was about career development of employees People working in one piece or department from years are still with the same experience and style of doing job.There should be proper career planning of employee which results in better and improved output for the organization.Some employees are working in the same department or secti on since they are appointed. Employees should be transferred with in departments so there is job variety that develops their interests, update their information and improve their performance.Due to high rate of unemployment in the country people draw together those jobs which are against their interest so proper analysis should be through and explore those employee which can do better what they are currently doing in the organizationManagement should take necessary action in implementing the condom organization.OUR PROPOSALSStrict quality control and monitoring should be there to clog import of sub-standard products.The problem of logistics should be looked into. Transportation through railway (being brasslikeer), especially during peak seasons should be made available.There is a need to educate the farmers on balanced fertilizer use so as to make up the adverse impacts of constant use of nitrogenous fertilizers.HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS OF FERTILIZER INDUSTRYHiring quality m anpower, keeping them happy, satisfied and motivated are the pillars of the sympathetic Resources Department justice, fair play and merit point treatment are some of the ingredients of processing cases by the Human Resources Department. For Human Resource development, another(prenominal) aspect which receives its due share is training. The employees are exposed to various kinds of queer training, technical courses, management courses, workshops and seminars both at home and abroad. Employees welfare has all along received due consideration by the Management detail TRAINING INSTITUTIONSFollowing training institutions are available 1. NFC Institute of applied science and technical Training 2. Technical Training focalize (TTC)NFC INSTITUTE OF engineering science AND TECHNOLOGY The NFC Institute of Engineering and Technological Training is the training centre of the National Fertilizer Corporation of Pakistan. It is a small engineering college established to project the requirem ent of trained manpower for chemical process industry, especially in the fertilizer sector. A Training Centre was established in 1985.Operators and TechniciansSupervisorsEngineers.2. TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTER 25 Technical Training Center (TTC) lies in its expert faculty having rich plant operation and attention experience, functional pilot plants, well equipped shops for practice and access to FFC operate plants for real life demonstration. This institution conducts following programs Training of engineers technicians customized to Clients specific needs. Fertilizer Technology Course for fresh engineers. Professional Management Curses. Apprenticeship Programs for operators technicians. Skill improvement Programs for operators technicians in the areas of Plant Operations, Maintenance Safety.Supplier PowerNo panic of forward integration. High Switching cost because it is difficult to contract with other groups and deal with them. Concentration is low. They act as separate grou ps competing for the same project. In this industry supplier has a high bargaining power, as most of them are Foreign Groups.Buyers PowerSwitching cost is low but does not have significant effect due to fixed prices. There are two substitute products available, import Fertilizer and Bio-Fertilizer. Production of bio-fertilizer is nearly over and imported fertilizer is available at the same price because of anti-dumping duty and regime regulations for the prices of fertilizer for particular seasons are fixed. Although Buyers are large in numbers and purchases a large quantity as well, but acquireers do not have a bargaining power. There is no forum available that protects them, and this group is not educated enough to clamber for their rights. All what has happened, is done by the governing.Potential EntrantsBrand written report of brisk companies is also one of the barriers because customers do not easily get ready to switch. Massive Ecological surveys must be done before com panies can begin production. Government Policies and regulation are also act as barriers because Natural Gas which is the main raw material of the industry, and the prices and supply of it is all told depend upon the Government. As before government was charging feed gas at lower rate and Fuel gas at higher rate. simply now they are being charged at the same rate. Government does not easily give permission for manufacturing plant due to shortage of Natural gas and harmful environmental effects, this also act as a barrier. Huge capital requirement is one of the greatest barriers for entry. There are number of barriers to entry such, as capital requirements, government policies, reputation of existing firms and ecological surveys.SubstitutesSwitching costs is low. Suitability of Alternatives imported fertilizer is as suitable as the industry products are. Bio-fertilizer is more suitable to use then the industry products, as it has no harmful environmental effects, cheap to produce a nd it also enhance the fertility of the soil. Where as our product reduces the natural fertility, but its production is almost over. Therefore industry does not have a holy terror of substitutes.There are two substitutes available1. tradeed Fertilizer2. Bio-FertilizerRivalryCompetition is only on the basis of Quality. Prices are fixed for every season so no competition on the basis of pricing behavior. Industry is at maturity stage so competition on the basis of growth is low. Fixed Costs are too high, which is not easily possible to tolerate. It reduces the competition.MARKETThe target market of the industry can be divided in to two parts1. Farmers2. Land ownersTREND ANALYSISPolitical TrendGas for balancing, modernisation, heterotaxy expansion for existing plants has been filed for 7 years. Gas price has been fixed for 10 years for new investments. Export benefit to suppliers of capital goods for new/modernization projects of fertilizer. Tax relaxation has also been offered by t he Government. Import by manufacturers of rock-and-roll Phosphate and Phosphorous of fertilizer free of custom duty. The Government is providing concessionary feed stock gas to the fertilizer plants for production of urea. Investors will be allowed to move second hand plant, equipment and machinery, with the same concession/exemption as relevant to new plants. To fulfil local demand of fertilizers at affordable prices, the Government is providing subsidy on production and import of fertilizers. Political trends are ever in favour of this industry. The Government has provided following incentives under Fertilizer Policy, 2001, to encourage fertilizer production in the countryEconomical TrendImport by manufacturers of Rock Phosphate and Phosphorous of fertilizer free of customs duty.One of the main sectors of economy is Agricultural as it contributes 22% to the gross domestic product and without Fertilizer industry this sector would not able to work. Due to that Government always g ives support to the fertilizer industry.PHOENIXTax relaxation has been offered in order to attract new entrants.Export benefit to suppliers of capital goods for new/modernization projects of fertilizer. To reduce the dependence onBan on export of fertilizer is also imposed so that economic stability would be gain. The Government is providing subsidy on production and import of fertilizers. a monolithic subsidy of Rs. 27 billion in the supply of urea and DAP in 2009. imported fertilizers by enhancing the local production capacity.Social TrendsAlthough the adverse effects of this industry is very high because of the improper handling of the waste. Due to this, many diseases like asthma, kidney diseases, hepatitis etcare caused. Still, the usage of the fertilizers cannot be stopped because it gives farmers so much ease in terms of saving time and actually, using it. Making bio -fertilizer has now become an old usage and farmers dont prefer to use it against artificial fertilizer.Techno logical TrendThe fertilizer plant operators have now fully absent-minded and assimilated the latest technological developments, incorporating environmental friendly process technologies, and are in a position to operate and maintain the plants at their optimum levels and on international standards in terms of capacity utilization, specific energy consumption. To meet the demand of fertilizers in the country through indigenous production, self-reliance in design engineering and execution of fertilizer projects is very crucial. This requires a backbreaking indigenous technological base in planning, development of process know-how, expand engineering and expertise in project management and execution of projects. The fertilizer industry is also carrying out de-bottlenecking and energy saving scheme in their existing plants and to enhance the capacity and reduce the specific energy consumption per ton of product. Companies are also planning to convert to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).po llution standards. The average performance of gas-based plants in the country today is amongst the top hat in the world.SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsAll companies in the industry have developed a well planned network field warehouses to ensure that fertilizers are available to the farmers uninterrupted. Fertilizer industry peruses an innovative education oriented advertising policy utilizing electronic/ print media and road side advertisement. Industry has well distribution centers. Demand is heavy because, being an agriculture country and due to increasing awareness about the balanced use of fertilizer, demand for the fertilizer will increase. All the fertilizer plants are producing at more than 100 per cent installed capacity of utilization. Adding some new unit can enhance the production capacity of the plants.WeaknessLow advertising campaigns as growers and farmers are not educated and lives in Fertilizer sector is averse in technology and also lack in resources. villages, so they do nt scarce know the balanced use of fertilizer. Demand is more and capacity of plants to produce fertilizers is less. Due to the existence of black market and heavy demand, farmers have to pay above then the stated price.OpportunitiesAs India is an agricultural country and farmers are getting awareness about the balanced use of fertili As demand is high comparing to supply, fertilizer sector has an opportunity to expand the capacity to fulfill the local demand. Government is giving support to fertilizer sector Availability of gas from Iran can increase the production of plants and industry c an fulfill the demands. There is no quota restriction by WTO since 2005, so there are more chances of export. If the quality is good customer will buy your product. By improving the quality of products, industry can attract more customers and can retain customers by satisfying their needs. zer, demand of fertilizer has increased.ThreatsGovernment policies are not consistent regarding fertilizer industry. Bio fertilizer is the main threat to the industry because it is cheap and also environment friendly. Global prices of fertilizer products are also increasing which is causing increase in fertilizer prices in the country. Prices of fuel and gas have increased enormously. Unstable political look into in the country is also a big threat to fertilizer industry. Imported fertilizer is available at cheap prices than local fertilizer. As natural gas is the main raw material, load shedding of natural gas is big threat.CONCLUSIONPlanning and Administration and Vigilance. It makes an assessment of the soulfulness requirements of the states and union territories and then lays out an elaborate supply plan.Though the soil in India is rich in silt, it lacks chief plant nutrients like potassium, nitrogen and phosphate. The increase in the production of fertilizers and its consumption acts as a major contributor to overall agricultural development. Size of Indian Fertilizer Industry Gro wth of Indian Fertilizer Industry Private Companies in Indian Fertilizer Market Public Sector Companies in Indian Fertilizer Market Major Players in Indian Fertilizer Fertilizer industry Global Demand for Indian Fertilizer Government Policies and Indian Market Challenges before Indian Fertilizer Industry Concluding remarks on Indian Fertilizer IndustryPosted by ICM IM

GMO Labeling and Dangers

GMO Labeling and DangersThe average American can consume up to 1,996 pounds of food in one year. The initial intent of GMOs was to increase set taboo yields to meet the demand for the ever growing population. GMOs or ( factortically modified organisms) atomic number 18 the results of an organism with the desoxyribonucleic acid of a nonher organism. So its one organism with the DNA of a nonher or many an(prenominal) organisms. This does not occur naturally. GMOs atomic number 18 in truth illegal in many countries, beca commit they ar not considered safe. GMOs stand through with(predicate) nothing notwithstanding increase crop yields. Since being apply they accommodate caused some citizenry to develop allergies and maintain supersensitive replys to the foods they argon used in because we have not tagged the foods with GMOs.One of the blown-up debates deviation on right now is should Genetically change Organisms be label? A total of three states have passed a law to engage GMOs to be labeled. Vermont, connecticut, and Maine were the first of the three states to pass a law requiring GMOs to be labeled. The reason GMOs should be labeled is because many masses are hypersensitized to them, and, if they are not labeled, then how can you tell. This could result in hard allergic reactions, some of which could result in death. There are many things that you can do such as scanning the product to get a line out if it is a GMO, but who wants to spend all evening in the store waiting on your phone to work, and commemorateing to find out when the product could be labeled. Several countries such as China, Australia, and European labor union require GMOs to be labeled, currently the united states does not require labeling. several(prenominal) companies like Campbells, ConAgra, General Mills and many others have already started labeling their products correspond to Vermonts law. According to The reason GMO food should be voluntarily labeled by the foo d industry is that it is clear some consumers want to know what they are feeding and they have a right to know what is in their food. -(What is GMO?) GMOs should be labeled because we shouldnt have to guess what is in our food. We should be able to read the label and know what is in the food we are eating.Another big question is are GMOs healthy for the environment? GMOs are made with a bunch of chemicals, because they are suppose to be able to resist pests and weather, but when it rains and washes the chemicals off where do they go? They wash off into rivers and lakes and soak into the establish potentially damaging our water supply.. According to Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods, By growing ingrafts or raising livestock in environmental conditions that usually wouldnt support them, there is the potential of irrevocably damaging that environment. This is often seen through GMO crossbreeding. So when experimenting with GMOs such as cross breeding you basically bring in the need for more GMOs because you contain the environment and only you can plant GMOS there now. GMOs are unhealthy for the environment and dont occur naturally in nature. The foods at high risk for having GMOs in them are, alfalfa, corn, cotton, papaya, soy, sugar beet, yellow pass squash / and zucchini. Glyphosate a chemical found in herbicides that are sprayed on GMOs, is a dangerous chemical that has been linked to a blood cancer, farmers who use these chemicals are at twice the risk. Imagine what these chemicals can do to us as consumers who eat them. are GMOs even safe for human outlay? A common question usually asked. GMOs can provoke an allergic reaction. According to What Are GMOs? How Are They Affecting Us? opinion. The mixing of polar types of proteins in food create health hazards and allergic reactions for people eating the foods (What Are GMOs? How Are They Affecting Us?). If we label the foods we would not have to worry about people having allergic reactions be cause they would not buy or eat the food. Kinda like products made with peanut oil or in a peanut factory we let them know that these foods are made there and have these ingredients. Time and time again, studies have shown that the habit of GMO foods increase the risks of food-based allergies in people. -(Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods). Not only could people be allergic to GMOs but they could possibly develop an allergy to GMOs. If person develops an allergy to soy because of GMO efforts, then if livestock eats that GMO soy as well, that person would have a high probability of an allergic reaction from eating the animal meat.-(Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods) So once people develop an allergy to something, and they eat something from an animal that consumed the same thing they are allergic to, they have a chance of having an allergic reaction to it. If we labeled the food with GMOs people would not have to worry about having a allergic reaction, because they would not eat that item.One last question is what is the long term effects of GMOs on the environment. GMOs can contaminate forever. GMOs cross pollinate and their seeds can travel. It is impossible to fully clean up our contaminated gene kitty. Self-propagating GMO pollution will outlast the effects of global warming and thermonuclear waste.(10 Reasons to Avoid GMOs). Once you plant GMOs on a piece of belt down you can not go and then plant a non GMO because it does not just go away the chemicals stay there. The potential impact is huge, laboured the health of future generations. GMO contamination has also caused stinting losses for constituent(a) and non-GMO farmers who often struggle to keep their crops pure. (10 Reasons to Avoid GMOs). GMO seeds travel so not only is it affecting the environment it is affecting the farmers who are non GMO farmers. You can not fully clean up a contaminated gene pool meaning you can not clean this stuff up once it affects another farm.I f we would not use genetically modified organisms, we would not have to worry about people developing an allergic reaction or having one, we would not have to worry about contaminating the environment, or disturbing about ruining other farms who are non GMO. There is no economic value for GMOs. Therefore if we do use them they should be labeled.Work CitedEwg. Are GMOs Bad for the Environment? EWG, Emily Cassidy , www.ewg.org/agmag/2016/03/are-gmos-bad-environment.Smith, Jeffrey. 10 Reasons to Avoid GMOs. constitute for Responsible Technology, Institute for Responsible Technology, 15 Jan. 2017, responsibletechnology.org/10-reasons-to-avoid-gmos/.What Are GMOs? How Are They Affecting Us?opinion. entirely Africa, 18 Aug. 2016. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOFsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA466325870it=rasid=aece6b4fa048ceb72e318aa7c76652a8. Accessed 7 Feb. 2017.What Is GMO? The NonGMO Project, The NonGMO Project, www.nongmoproject.org/gmo-facts/what-is-gmo/.Wpadmin. Pro s and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods. HRFnd, HealthReseachFunding.org, 28 Feb. 2016, healthresearchfunding.org/pros-cons-genetically-modified-foods/.

Study on Competency Model of an effective teacher

Study on cleverness toughie of an utile instructorThe newsprint builds on comprehensive review of 13 seek written document and a book on instructors competencies on basis of which a Competency Model of an effective instructor has been suggested that can be employ during recruitment, training, and exploit appraisal and also can be employ as a nasty for compensation of a instructor. Competencies of an Effective instructor Model has been reason into ternary categories as shown in the above diagram which atomic build 18 as follows bear on for College, line for ego and Concern for scholars. Therefore, this paper produces entropy on what attributes in todays academic market place and in touch officular in civilizeroom produces effective teachers.INTRODUCTIONEducation has become essential these days. besides along with it at that place atomic number 18 several challenges of verbalisement as intimately which require change in the quality and structure of p edagogy. For this integration of education with corporate sector is required for which course contents of necessity to be up stratified. But this is non sufficient as teachers argon the education providers they turn a vital constituent in bridging the gap amidst what is outright available in the form of curriculum and the demands of the corporate world. Hence teachers should whence react to the changing scenario and equip themselves to meet the need of the hour. Hence this paper identifies competencies (behavioural indicators) required for an effective program line according to the changing scenario.Therefore, this paper produces info on what attributes in todays academic market place and in particular in classroom produces effective teachers. The theory being, the much effective the teacher the recrudesce prepared the school-age child is for tomorrows challenges, not yesterdays and the to a greater extent competitive the groom can make itself. The paper will first revie w the writings high gearlighting competencies behavioral indicators of effective teacher given up by opposite researchers. front about it is important to belowstand the word competency. A competency is an underlying peculiarity of an individual that is causally link to banner-referenced effective and/or superior surgical operation in a capriole or situation 1Underlying singularity means the competency is a fairly deep and enduring part of persons personality and can predict behavior.Causally related means that a competency causes or predicts behavior and cognitive process.Criterion-referenced means that the competency actually predicts who does something comfortably or poor, as measured on a specific criterion or standard.The history of competency can be traced to the early seventies when industrial psychologists and human resource managers were seeking ways to predict job performance. There was significant evidence to show that personality testing was precise poor at predicting job performance (about 10 percent advantage rate was achievable). In 1973, David McClelland, Professor of Psychology at Harvard University wrote a seminal paper Testing for Competence Rather than for Intelligence, which appeared in American Psychologist in 1973 2, that created a stir in the field of psychology (McClelland, 1973). According to his research, handed-down academic aptitude and knowledge content tests seldom predict on-job performance. He went on to argue that the real predictors of job performance are a ready of underlying personal characteristics or competencies. McClellands concept of competency has been the come across driver of the competency movement and competency-based education.LITERATURE REVIEWAttempts to define teacher behaviors contrive blossomed into a movement known as Competency-based teacher education (or Performance based Teacher Education). The State of Florida has been a leader in identification of generic instruct competencies and in the movement of competency-based teacher education. In 1975 the Council on Teacher Education (COTE), spearheaded a project to chance upon those competencies which are most essential to all teachers. 48 generic competencies consistently appeared in the search was selected for a final survey mover. A haphazard exemplification of 5 percent of all bear witness personnel in the maintain were asked to rate the competencies. 23 competencies met the stipulate acceptance criteria. The 23 generic competencies were class into 5 major categories namely communication skills, basic knowledge, technical skills, administrative skills and interpersonal skills. The state of Florida has included the 23 generic competencies in state policies requiring all personnel to demonstrate them in order to be certified as a teacher in the state 3.A hardly a(prenominal) of the sub-skills under each of the quintet major categories are as follows communicating Skills, basal Knowledge, Technical Skills, Administrative Skills and social Skills.Peter F Oliva 3 has draw an effective teacher as one whomIs mounty prepared in his or her subjectHas a long general educationUnderstands the role of a school in the societyHolds an adequate concept of himself or herselfUnderstands basic principles of learning processDemonstrate effective techniques of instruction efficiently handles the management of the classroomPossesses personal characteristics conducive to the success in the classroomA similar list has been developed by Kenneth P Henson 3 of an effective teacher as one whomIs interested in savants as individualsHas labor and is willing to repeatDisplays fairnessExplains things thoroughlyIs humorousIs open apt(p)Is informalDoes not feel superiorKnows the subjectIs interested in the subjectIs neat in appearanceSimilarly Dwight Allen and Kevin Ryan 3 leave given skills which are generic or common to teachers at all take as follows Stimulus variation, Set induction, Closure, Silence and Non-Verbal Clues, Reinforcement of Student participation, suavity in asking question, Probing question, High order question, Divergent question, Recognizing tending behavior, Illust military rank and using examples, Lecturing, Planned Repetition, Completeness of communicationTeachers Competency has been defined as any particular knowledge, skill, or attitude or any set or combination of them that we whitethorn choose to specify (Donald M Medley Patricia R Crock). The knowledge specified may involve subject-matter knowledge, general knowledge, knowledge of psychology, sociology or one of the other disciplines, knowledge of pedagogy-any knowledge that may enhance teacher performance. Skills specified may also relate to content, to writing and speaking skills, to skills in arithmetical, they may be perpetual or diagnostic in nature, they may be performance skills such(prenominal) as those involved in lecturing, direct a discussion or planning instruction, they may be related t o deployment of knowledge and skills of other types, or to the integration and implementation of complex strategies. Attitudes specified may pertain to the self, to pupils, to colleagues and to the profession, to values, or whatever 4.A recent research in 2008 by Faculty of Education, Adnan Menderes University, Turkey aimed to determine the teachers competencies Turkey needs in the European Union harmonization process 5. The research used Delphi technique to determine the teachers competencies. Delphi application was completed by participation of 37 experts. As a result of analysis of the third round data removal of items with a standard deviation above 1 and arithmetic average below 6, 142 competency items were harbored. Removal and combination of overlapping opinions was make and hence 137 competency items were obtained. The competencies were divide into four competency categories which are as followsCompetencies Regarding superior KnowledgeCompetencies Regarding Field Knowl edge,Competencies Regarding Improving Oneself,Competencies Regarding National and International Values.Competencies Regarding lord Knowledge were addressed in five categories as follows passe-partout Competencies Regarding acquiring to Know the Students and Enabling Their ImprovementProfessional Competencies regarding the process of learning- statement processProfessional competencies regarding monitoring and evaluating learning and improvementProfessional Competencies regarding teach, Family, Colleagues and Society RelationsProfessional Competencies Regarding the Programme and Content(Abdul Rahim Hamdan et al, Faculty of Education, University of Malaysia) studied the training competency and dominant allele characteristics of 309 teachers from different secondary / primary schools in Johor Bahru 6. Their competencies were determined through pedagogy skills, concern for school, concern for pupils and concern for self, forming a comprehensive and practical ensample of teachers c ompetency characteristics. Factor analyses of the instrument with various samples revealed 19 stable subscales. Skills Scales were divided into seven sub-scales. There were scales on Subject Knowledge, Teaching Prowess, Classroom wariness, modify Knowledge, Instructional Planning, Teaching Effectiveness and Teaching and Learnings Progress Evaluation. Concern for School Scales was divided into five sub-skills. There were testing on teachers concern on School peck and Mission, Objectives and Goals, School Policy and System, Collegiality and Commitment. Scales on Concern for Student were divided into four sub-scales. There were testing on teachers concern on Student Needs, Academic Performance, Motivation and Behavior. Concern for Self Scales was divided into three sub-scales. There were testing on teachers concern on Self- suppuration, Self Management and Performance Standard. The most dominant competency of the teachers was in concern for school scales followed by skills, concern for self and concern for students. The result showed that there is significant human relationship between gender and inform competency. The result for the ethnic and article of faith competency showed that there is no relationship between ethnic and teaching competency in this study. The data analysis showed that there is no relationship between teaching experience and teaching competency. The result also showed that there is no significant relationship between academic qualification and teaching competency. Thus, it can be summarized that, teachers with high academic qualification does not mean more competent in teaching.(Naree Aware Achwarin, R.N., Ed.D., Graduate School of Education, hypothesis University of Thailand) aimed to determine the teacher competence level and investigate the relationship between teacher qualification, teaching experience, and school size and teacher competence of teachers at schools in the three southern border provinces of Thailand 7. The method o f survey research was used through questionnaire. The unit of analysis was teachers, 750 were selected by simple random sampling methods from golf-club educational regions, 18 secondary schools, under the Basic Education Commission of Thailand (OBEC) at Narathiwas, Pattani, and Yala province. The instrument used for collecting data was a questionnaire, constructed by the researcher, employing the professional standards of knowledge and experience from the Teacher Council of Thailand (2005) containing nine competence areas. The Cronbachs Alpha coefficient for the reliability was 0.96. The content logicality was evaluated by five experts in the field of Educational Administration. The findings revealed Teachership was the highest teacher competence. In order from the highest to the concluding of nine competence areas, the ranking was teachership psychology for teachers educational measurement and valuation classroom management learning management educational innovation and informa tion technology, language and technology for teachers curriculum development and educational research.(Earl Simendinger Bella Galperin, The University of Tampa Daniel R. LeClair, AACSB International A.G. (Tassos) Malliaris, Loyola University) draw the design, development and delivery of this curriculum 8. The objective and what the reader can seem to learn from this work is what are the most important attributes of effective melody teachers. Incorporating these attributes into course design and delivery should lead to improvements in teaching potential and students paygrade s nerve centres, which results in students better prepared for the business field.In humanitarian to it, reviewing the past literature in particular, student evaluations have received the most attention- this statement shows the gap that competencies derived about the teachers were basically based on student perception not on the basis of management, professor and industry professions.(Kirk Tennant Char les Lawrence, 1975) pore upon teaching strategies and schedule class hours and their effects upon instructor and course evaluations, student performance, and student absenteeism 9. The study indicated that discipline teaching strategy produced much better student academic performance. This study indicates that in those situations in which student performance was considered a primary goal, a discipline teaching strategy should be adopted. In all cases the finding suggest that a discipline teaching strategy will improve both attendance and performance. In this multisection course, classes scheduled at good hours had higher student attendance, better student performance, and more favorable teacher evaluation by students.(William J. Read, Dasaratha V. Rama K. Raghunandan, 2001) surveyed administrators of accounting programs from a cross-section(prenominal) of schools and programs to determine whether there is an association between the incubus given to teaching and the weight assig ned to SEs 10. The respondents were asked to allocate 100 points among research, service and teaching representing the weights that were accustomed to each in conclusion on tenure and promotion to full professor in their institution. The Result showed a statistically significant rearward relationship between the weight given to SEs and the weight assigned to teaching in faculty evaluations for tenure and promotion to full professor. This suggests that as institutions enlarge the relative emphasis on teaching in their tenure decision and promotion to full professor decision, they place importantly less weight on Student Evaluation.(Stephen A. Stumpf et al, New York University) investigated the relationships among several variables outside of the instructors classroom retain and student ratings of teaching effectiveness are investigated in a causal network 11. The student ratings are relatively main(a) of international variables. Variables external to the construct of student p erceived learning include (a) variables that students do not agree relate to their learning, (b) variables that the instructor cannot control with his or her instructional efforts in spite of appearance a class (e.g., instructor sex, class size), and (c) variables that students cannot observe and thus cannot accurately evaluate. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed the six independent variables account for a statistically insignificant 9% of rating variance. The set of six external variables were then entered into a regression equation already containing the three intrinsic variables (instructor in class, instructor in general and graded assignments). The additional variance accounted for is .6%, indicating that no unique contribution is made by any or all of the external variables. The variables were instructor sex, the year the instructor received her/his last degree, instructor rank, proportion of required courses that an instructor taught over the two semes ter period and class size.(Dr Paul Isely Dr Harinder Singh) analyzed different factors that bring student evaluations, based on large set of data, reveals that class size, the hassle of the class, the percentage of students responding, and the length of class are important determinants of students perception 12. Moreover, although higher expected grades results in more favorable student evaluations, this relationship is significantly different depending upon faculty rank. Based on these findings, the author makes two policy recommendations. First, student evaluations of teaching should be adjusted for specific major determinants to obtain less biased estimates. Second, evaluating teaching effectiveness by a broad teaching portfolio that includes actual grades given to students and other teaching supplements may disapprove faculty from exploiting the relationship between higher expected grades and favorable student evaluations.(James E. Whitworth, et al, Georgia Southern Univers ity, Statesboro, Georgia) analyzed 12,153 student faculty evaluations to investigate the effects of (a) Faculty member gender (b) blood line type (required business core courses, classes within designated majors, or graduate classes) (c) Course level (graduate versus undergraduate classes) on student faculty evaluations 13. The authors explored the effect of these three factors on students perceptions of how much they intimate in particular classes. They found that female instructors rated better than male ones and that rating differed significantly by course type and by students perceived heart of learning. Graduate students tended to give higher scores than undergraduates. These findings could indicate that comparing evaluation data across different courses might not produce valid overall effectiveness rankings.(Richard L. Peterson et al, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ)conducted a study within a large department of a business school and recommends that the process us ed be adapted by other business school departments and other academic units across the university and at other universities to ensure a more universally appropriate usage of students ratings 14. The central objective of the research was to identify variables that provide a valid rationale for assigning faculty into norming groups for the purport of comparing one member of that group to all other members of that group. given(p) the objective and the data set they had available, they selected the following six variables to explore Semester Effect, Course Session Effect, Faculty Type Effect, Course Level Effect, Course focus Effect Course Type. Overall, this study makes two primary contributions to the literature. First, it provides an empirical interrogative of the factors that might be influencing students ratings. Second, it offers suggestions on how these ratings might be used by administrators. These two contributions offer more evidence that supports Brightmans (2005) recomm endations that any evaluation instrument focused on faculty teaching must be authoritative and valid and have a meaningful norming report.COMPETENCY get OF AN strong TEACHERA Competency Model of an Effective Teacher has been obtained afterwards reviewing the literature and also by using Competency Dictionary obtained by colleagues of Richard Boyatzis in 1981 which was obtained by analyzing the data i.e transcripts of behavioral event interviews from a number of competency studies which produced set of competencies that consistently distinguished superior performance across organizations and functions 1COMPETENCY MODEL OF EFFECTIVE TEACHERConcern for SelfConcern for CollegeCompetencies of an Effective TeacherConcern for StudentsFigure 1 Competency Model of an Effective TeacherCompetencies of an Effective teacher can be categorised into three categories as shown in the above diagram which are as follows Concern for College, Concern for Self and Concern for Students. As teacher ha s indebtedness towards for College it is defined as the first category where teachers competencies are adoption of College Vision and Mission, teacher should be committed towards his/her work, a teacher should be high on competencies like credibility, virtue and sincerity. Next comes the category Concern for Self which is very important as teacher always carry these competencies such as teacher should be high on analytical thinking, abstract thinking, also have good meta qualities such as creativity, teacher should have excellent communication skills, should always be information seeking, should have self-control, self-confidence, be flexible, achievement oriented, open and receptive and most important is that teacher should be able to balance work and his/her life perfectly. Coming to Concern for Students teacher should have competencies like interpersonal understanding, should be able to influence others, should be good in developing others and should be assertive when required .The three categories have been diagrammatically represented belowThe broad areas of Competencies under this category areOrganizational Awareness, Adaption CommitmentConcern For Order, Quality And AccuracyThe competencies can be as follows Mission Orientation, Commitment to work contract, Ethical conduct and Credibility, integrity and sincerityConcern for CollegeFigure2 Concern for College CompetenciesThe broad areas of Competencies under this category areAnalytical ThinkingConceptual ThinkingMeta QualitiesCommunicationKnowledge and study OrientationSelf-Control PersistenceFlexibilityAchievement and Action cosmos open and receptiveBeing organizedWork Life balance wheelThe competencies can be as follows Reasoning, Ability to Generate Theories, Creativity, Presentation skills, underground to Stress, Persistence, Strong Self-Concept, Adaptability, Result Orientation, Composure, Humor, Time Management, Work/Life BalanceConcern for SelfFigure 3 Concern for Self CompetenciesThe broad areas of Competencies under this category areInterpersonal UnderstandingImpact and Influence maturation OthersBeing DirectiveThe competencies can be as follows Empathy, Approachability, Sensitivity to Others, Interpersonal Savvy, Showmanship, Teaching and Training, Realistic Positive Regard, Motivating others, Classroom Control and Discipline, assertiveConcern for StudentsFigure 4 Concern for Students CompetenciesUSE OF COMPETENCY MODELThis Competency Model can be used for identifying policies for teacher training, Pre-service teacher training programs of institutions of higher education for teacher training, In-service training of teachers, Professional Development of Teachers, Selection of teachers, Evaluation of teacher performances, Self-knowledge and self-development of teachers.

International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000

foreign Terrestrial reason Frame 2000Transformation prepares from International Terrestrial university extension Frame 2000 to World geodesical System 1984Geodetic network is an essential frame of spatial data. withal it is an information administration for geodesic and engineering surveys, land management, geodetic support of construction, monitoring of buildings and structures deformations, topographical mapping, development of geographical information systems, transport navigation. There argon some(prenominal) coordinate systems to solve tasks as described above. Using orbiculate glide Satellite Systems cause a problem of installing communication amid coordinate systems. G.I.S. specialists should know how to work with various kinds of geospatial data, that argon acquired from terrestrial surveying, Global Navigation Satellite System observations and online GNSS processing service. Besides coordinates can repair to global, regional and local deferred payment systems (Bosy J., 2014). Geodesists should understand and be able to cargo hold with reference frame renewals in order to get high-quality geospatial data maps, digital personates of the Earth. The aim of this research is to find better transformation lay between ITRF2000 and WGS84 by comparison Bursa-Wolf and Molodensky-Badekas gets.First of all, short definitions on two reference frames should be done. The ITRF is stands for International Terrestrial Reference Frame. It is earth-centered and earth-fixed datum. It was presented in 1988. orders argon ground on the GRS80 ellipsoid, which was designed to suit the shape of the geoid. The geoid is an irregular surface, which coincides with the surface of the peeing in the seas and oceans. It is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at any item. ITRF is sustained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (Altamimi Z., 2011). Also it is a global network with points that have accurate coordinates. Coordinate s be derived from geodetic measurements using GNSS and different laser rangings (Jannsen V., 2009). This network contains 800 stations that argon distributed everywhere the globe. The latest realization of the ITRF was done in 2008. The realization is a delimit of stations&apos coordinates and linear velocities (Altamimi Z., 2011).In contrast, WGS84 is a regular Terrestrial Reference System. It is geocentric, right-handed, orthogonal coordinate system used in geodesy and navigation (NIMA, 2000). The WGS84 Coordinate System center is a geometric center of the WGS84 Ellipsoid. The discipline Geospatial information Agency operates this common Terrestrial Reference System. Due to National tomography and Mapping Agency (1997) the last reference system is developed in order to match International Reference System. The X and Z axes are consonant with the Reference Meridian, Reference Pole consequently. Also Y axis vertebra is stationed on ninety degrees from X and Z axes (NIMA, 2000 ).Furthermore, ITRF coordinates might differ from WGS84 coordinates in different regions at sub-metre level (Winter S., 2014). Consequently, two reference systems&apos convention increases with fourth dimension (Jannsen V., 2009). Aghamohammadi in his work stated that those varieties might be solved at the centimeter level by using seven-parameter modulation (Aghamohammadi A.).Therefore, one datum can be transferred to another datum by the Helmert 7-parameter transformation (Knippers R., 1998). Those parameters are three rotations (, , ), origin shift of three coordinates (X, YandZ) and ordered series (s). The Helmert transformation baby-siting is a seven parameter transformation. It is either a position sender and coordinate frame conversion. In the coordinate frame transformation parameters are transformed for the whole reference system. The Bursa-Wolf transformation forge is the position sender transformation (Deakin R., 2006). In contrast to the coordinate frame transfor mation it uses rotations that are refer to the point&aposs vector. These two models are almost the same. only their rotations have reversible signs.Moreover, Aghamohammadi tested two transformation models Bursa-Wolf and Molodensky-Badekas (Aghamohammadi A.). The first model&aposs formulas were done by Bursa in 1962. In 1963 Wolf had meliorate it. It is a seven-parameter model. It transfers three dimensional Cartesian coordinates between two datums. This model uses origin shifts of coordinates, rotation angles and scale change. Below its matrix-vector formThe second model is Molodensky-Badekas model. It was introduced by Molodensky in 1962, then developed in 1969. It is also seven-parameter conformal conversion of Cartesian coordinates between different datums. The formula of transformation isWhere X, Y, Z are the shifts between the barycenter and centroid of two networks. And rx, ry, rz are rotation of positions, ds is a scale change.Moreover, Aghamohammadi stated that Molodensk y-Badekas model dissimilar from Bursa-Wolf model by the point virtually which axes are rotate and scale is changed (Aghamohammadi A.).The Molodensky-badekas model is often used for the conversion coordinates between terrestrial and satellite datums. Yet for that condition the central point should be the barycentre (Aghamohammadi A.).In contrast the Bursa-Wolf transformation model does not necessitate the centroid coordinates as in the Molodensky-Badekas model. Aghamohammadi described those two models in his work (Aghamohammadi A.). That author wrote that research was done in Iran region, where he compared transformation models to find portion model. The main issue of that work was that Iranian Permanent Network&aposs coordinates are estimated in ITRF. National GPS network coordinates are in WGS84 coordinate system. And differences from two reference systems can be more than meter. Due to results and some parameters concluded that Bursa-Wolf model is better that Molodensky-Badeka s model (Aghamohammadi A.). The author wrote that the first model is simpler and easier to use than the second. Also it is better suits to the satellite datums.Finally, there are umpteen computer programs that allow us to transfer coordinates from one system to another. However, it is pregnant to know which method you will make in order to deliver the goods expected result. I suppose that this work covered theoretical crash of the issue. Besides the Bursa-Wolf model can be proposed as good model due to its simplicity. In the future work I can choose this model to transform coordinates from ITRF2000 to WGS84.ReferencesAghamohammadi A., Nankali H. R., Djamour Y. Transformation from ITRF2000 to WGS84. e-journal operable though National cartographic Center of Iran website http//ncc.org.ir/_DouranPortal/Documents/a-aghamohammadi.pdf Accessed 2 November 2014.Altamimi Z., Boucher C., Sillard P. (2011) New Trends for the Realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System. e-journal operational finished University of Liege website http//www.ltas-vis.ulg.ac.be/cmsms/uploads/File/ITRS.pdf Accessed 2 November 2014.Bosy J., (2014) Global, Regional and National Geodetic Reference Frames for Geodesy and Geodynamics. e-journal useable through scientific publisher custom link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00024-013-0676-8page-1 Accessed 2 November 2014.NIMA (2000) Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems. e-journal Available through National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency website http//earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/Publications/tr8350.2/wgs84fin.pdf Accessed 2 November 2014.Deakin R., (2006) A note on the Bursa-Wolf and Molodensky-Badekas transformations. e-journal Available through ResearchGate social networking website http//researchgate.net/publication/228757515_a_note_on_the_bursa-wolf_and_molodensky-badekas_transformations Accessed 1 November 2014.Knippers R., (1998) Coordinate systems and Map projections, ITC-notes. e-journal Availab le through International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation website http//kartoweb.itc.nl/geometrics/publications/kt20003coordtransuk.pdf Accessed 1 November 2014.Jannsen V.,(2009) Understanding Coordinate Systems, Datums and Transformations in Australia. e-journal Available through University of Tasmania Library website http//eprints.utas.edu.au/9489/1/Janssen_2009_SSC2009_proceedings_version.pdf Accessed 1 November 2014.Winter S., Rizos C., (2014) Dynamic Datum Transformations in Australia and New Zealand. e-journal Available through CEUR Workshop Proceedings publication service http//ceur-ws.org/Vol-1142/paper6.pdf Accessed 2 November 2014.

Does Indian Stand In Terms Of Global Integration Economics Essay

Does Indian affiliation In Terms Of ball-shaped Integration Economics EssayThe ecumenical cloistered road towards economic, financial, trade and communications integrating. orbiculateizationimplies the opening of local and loyalperspectivesto a broader out aroma of an interconnected and interdependent gentleman withfree moveof capital, goods, andservicescrosswise interior(a) frontiers. However, it does not include unhindered movement oflaborand, as suggested by someeconomists, may hurt sm every or fragileeconomiesif applied indiscriminately.Name for the process of increasing the connectivity and mutuality of the beingsmarketsand business organisati cardinals. This process has speeded up dramatically in the inhabit two hug drugs as technologicaladvancesmake it easier forpeopleto travel, communicate, and dobusiness externally. Two studyrecent driving forces atomic number 18 advances in telecommunicationsinfrastructureand theriseof the internet. In general, aseconomies w rick much(prenominal) connected to new(prenominal) economies, they move over increase opportunity but besides assortment magnitude emulation. Thus, as sphericalization becomes a more and more common feature of adult maleeconomics, powerful pro- world(prenominal)ization and anti- globoseizationlobbieshave arisen.The pro-globalizationlobbyargues that globalizationbringsabout more than change magnitude opportunities for almost every star, and increased competition is a good thing since it makesagentsof production moreefficient. The two most prominent pro-globalizationorganizationsargon the worldly concern Trade Organizationand the military personnelEconomicForum. The WorldTradeOrganizationis a pan-governmentalentity(which currently has r scourue appendages) that wasset upto formu fresh a set of rules to governglobaltradeandcapital mixsthrough the process of member consensus, and to supervise their member countries toensurethat the rules are being followed. The World Econ omic Forum, a snobbishfoundation, does not have decision-makingpowerbut enjoys a great give careof importance since it has been effective as a powerfulnetworkingforum for galore(postnominal) of the worlds business,governmentand not-profit communicateers.The anti-globalization group argues that certain groups of people who are deprived intermsofresourcesare not currently capable of functioning inside the increasedcompetitivepressure that will be brought about by allowing their economies to be more connected to the perch of the world. Important anti-globalization organizations include environmental groups similar Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace foreignaid organizations like Oxfamthird worldgovernmentorganizations like the G-77 business organizations and tradeunionswhosecompetitivenessis threatened by globalization like the U.S. textiles andEuropeanfarm lobby, as well as the Australian and U.S. tradeunionmovements.Impact of globalisation on maturation Countries and India glob alisation is the modernistic buzzword that has come to dominate the world since the nineties of the last century with the end of the cold war and the break-up of the former Soviet Union and the global trend towards the rolling ball. The frontiers of the state with increased corporate trust on the market economic system and renewed faith in the private capital and resources, a process of structural ad neverthelessment spurred by the studies and influences of the World Bank and other International organizations have started in m any(prenominal) of the harvest-tide countries. Also globalization has brought in new opportunities to develop countries. Greater chafe to developed country markets and technology transfer hold out predict improved productivity and higher life history standard. But globalization has also thrown up new challenges like growing divergence crossways and within nations, volatility in financial market and environmental deteriorations. other negative aspec t of globalization is that a great majority of developing countries remain removed from the process. Till the nineties the process of globalization of the Indian providence was constrained by the barriers to trade and enthronization liberalization of trade, investment and financial flows initiated in the nineties has progressively demoralizeed the barriers to competition and hastened the abuse of globalization.Impact on IndiaIndia opened up the economy in the other(a) nineties following a major crisis that led by a foreign exchange crunch that dragged the economy close to defaulting on loans. The retort was a slew of Domestic and external sector insurance measures expoundly prompted by the immediate needs and partly by the demand of the twelve-sided organisations. The new policy regime radically pushed forward in favour of amore open and market oriented economy.Major measures initiated as a part of the liberalisation and globalisation strategy in the early nineties inclu de scrapping of the industrial licensing regime, reduction in the number of areas reserved for the public sector, amendment of the monopolies and the inhibitory trade practices act, start of the privatisation programme, reduction in tariff rates and change over to market unflinching exchange rates.Over the years on that point has been a steady liberalisation of the current account transactions, more and more sectors opened up for foreign direct investments and portfolio investments facilitating entry of foreign investors in telecom, roads, ports, airports, insurance and other major sectors.The Indian tariff rates trim sharply over the decade from a weighted average of 72.5% in 1991-92 to 24.6 in 1996-97.Though tariff rates went up slowly in the late nineties it touched 35.1% in 2001-02. India is committed to decrease tariff rates. bankers bill tariff rates are to be reduced to be reduced to the minimum with a peak rate of 20%, in some other 2 years most non-tariff barriers ha ve been dismantled by work on 2002, including almost all quantitative restrictions.India is GlobalThe liberalisation of the domestic economy and the increasing integration of India with the global economy have helped step up gross domestic product ontogenesis rates, which picked up from 5.6% in 1990-91 to a peak train of 77.8% in 1996-97. Growth rates have slowed down since the country has relieve bee able to achieve 5-6% increment rate in three of the last six years. Though growth rates has slumped to the lowest level 4.3% in 2002-03 mainly because of the worst droughts in two decades the growth rates are expected to go up close to 70% in 2003-04. A Global comparison shows that India is straightaway the fastest growing just afterwards China.This is major improvement assumption that India is growth rate in the mid-seventies was very low at 3% and GDP growth in countries like Brazil, Indonesia, Korea, and Mexico was more than twice that of India. Though Indias average annual growth rate almost doubled in the eighties to 5.9% it was still lower than the growth rate in China, Korea and Indonesia. The pick up in GDP growth has helped improve Indias global position. Consequently Indias position in the global economy has improved from the 8thposition in 1991 to 4th repoint in 2001. When GDP is calculated on purchasing power check bit basis.Globalisation and PovertyGlobalisation in the form of increased integration though trade and investment is an great reason why much progress has been make in reducingpovertyand global inequality over recent decades. But it is not the only reason for this a great deal unrecognised progress, good national polices, sound institutions and domestic political constancy also matter.Despite this progress, poverty remains one of the most right international challenges we face up to 1.2 gazillion of the developing world 4.8 billion people still live in extreme poverty.But the harmonise of the world population living in povert y has been steadily declining and since 1980 the unequivocal number of poor people has stopped rising and appears to have travel in recent years despite strong population growth in poor countries. If the proportion living in poverty had not fallen since 1987 alone a further 215million people would be living in extreme poverty today.India has to concentrate on five substantial areas or things to follow to achieve this goal. The areas like technological entrepreneurship, new business openings for small and medium enterprises, importance of quality management, new prospects in unsophisticated areas and privatisation of financial institutions. The manufacturing of technology and management of technology are two unalike significant areas in the country.There will be new prospects in hobnailed India. The growth of Indian economy very much depends upon rural participation in the global race. After implementing the new economic policy the role of villages got its own significance beca use of its unique outlook and branding methods. For type food processing and packaging are the one of the area where new entrepreneurs can enter into a big way. It may be nonionic in a collective way with the help of co-operatives to meet the global demand.Understanding the current status of globalisation is necessary for setting social class for future. For all nations to reap the full benefits of globalisation it is essential to create a level playing field. President Bushs recent proposal to eliminate all tariffs on all manufactured goods by 2015 will do it. In fact it may exacerbate the prevalent inequalities. According to this proposal, tariffs of 5% or less on all manufactured goods will be eliminated by 2005 and higher than 5% will be lowered to 8%. starting signal 2010 the 8% tariffs will be lowered each year until they are eliminated by 2015.GDP Growth rateThe Indian economy is spill through a difficult phase caused by several adverse domestic and external development s Domestic output and Demand conditions were adversely bear upon by poor execution in agriculture in the early(prenominal) two years. The global economy experienced an overall deceleration and record an output growth of 2.4% during the past year growth in authorized GDP in 2001-02 was 5.4% as per the Economic Survey in 2000-01. The performance in the first eviscerate of the financial year is5.8% and second quarter is 6.1%.Export and ImportIndias Export and Import in the year 2001-02 was to the outcome of 32,572 and 38,362 million respectively. Many Indian companies have started becoming respectable players in the International scene. Agriculture exports account for about 13 to 18% of measure annual of annual export of the country. In 2000-01 Agricultural products valued at more than US $ 6million were exported from the country 23% of which was contributed by the marine products alone. maritime products in recent years have emerged as the single largest indorser to the total agricultural export from the country accounting for over one fifth of the total agricultural exports. Cereals (mostly basmati rice and non-basmati rice), oil seeds, tea and burnt umber are the other prominent products each of which accounts fro nearly 5 to 10% of the countries total agricultural exports.Where does Indian stand in terms of Global Integration?India clearly lags in globalisation. Number of countries has a clear lead among them China, large part of east and far east Asia and Eastern Europe. Lets look at a few indicators how much we lag.Over the past decade FDI flows into India have averaged around 0.5% of GDP against 5% for China 5.5% for Brazil. Whereas FDI inflows into China now exceeds US $ 50 billion annually. It is only US $ 4billion in the elusion of IndiaConsider global trade Indias theatrical role of world merchandise exports increased from .05% to .07% over the pat 20 years. Over the same period Chinas share has tripled to almost 4%.Indias share of global trade is similar to that of the Philippines an economy 6 times smaller according to IMF estimates. India under trades by 70-80% given its size, proximity to markets and labour cost advantages.It is interesting to note the remark made last year by Mr. Bimal Jalan, Governor of RBI. Despite all the talk, we are now where ever close being globalised in terms of any commonly used indicator of globalisation. In fact we are one of the least globalised among the major countries however we look at it.As Amartya Sen and many other have pointed out that India, as a geographic, politico-cultural entity has been interacting with the outside world throughout history and still continues to do so. It has to adapt, assimilate and contribute. This goes without saying even as we move into what is called a globalised world which is distinguished from previous eras from by faster travel and communication, greater trade linkages, denting of political and economic reign and greater acceptance of democrac y as a way of life.ConsequencesThe implications of globalisation for a national economy are many. Globalisation has intensified mutualness and competition among economies in the world market. This is reflected in Interdependence in regard to trading in goods and services and in movement of capital. As a result domestic economic developments are not determined entirely by domestic policies and market conditions. Rather, they are influenced by some(prenominal) domestic and international policies and economic conditions. It is thus clear that a globalising economy, age formulating and evaluating its domestic policy cannot afford to ignore the possible actions and reactions of policies and developments in the rest of the world. This constrained the policy option available to the government which implies loss of policy autonomy to some extent, in decision-making at the national level.Advantages of globalizationIt is the advantages of globalisation which act to bring about economic we lfare on international levels, thereby benefiting the worldwide population.Mentioned below, are the advantages of Globalization which facilitate the development of world economies immenselyFree movement of capitals offers access to the foreign investments to many countries like the United States of America.The worldwide commercialized market becomes so flexible referable to the advent of Globalization, that transactions of the international companies are not restricted to geographical borders of the countries.Globalization enhances the flow of capital, permitting the investors to invest on the untapped resources of the developing countries.Globalization of the mass media has reduced the global space substantially, keeping the people assured about all latest international happenings through different video channels.Improvement in global communication networks leads to easy flow of all important(p) information not only to individuals but at company levels as well.The democratic t houghts are rapidly spread among countries across the world, owing to Globalization.Globalization stresses on increasing mutual dependence among all the nation-states across the world.Globalization lessens the possibilities of warfare among developed countries to considerable extents.The developed countries display a end for working towards protecting their surrounding environments to large extents.Globalization enhances free international trades among countries across the world.The total output levels of a country increase when productions become competition-oriented. This means that to compete with the existing world market, the products must be of outstrip qualities and they also improve the lifestyle of the overall population.Cheap imports and extensive competition on international level keep a check on the prices leading to lower inflation rates, which occasionally interrupt the economic growth and development of a nation.Economic Globalization ushers in the concept of free Economy, where there is an extensive promotion of technological growth and inventions. This requires new topics and concepts to be imported from abroad.Employments in the export-oriented industries generally pay its employees approximately 15% more than the import-oriented jobs in a country.One of the positive effects of Globalization is the static and speedy transportation of people and commodities to different corners of the world.Globalization reduces cultural blockages and differences among nations, by encouraging fellow-feeling and mutual compassion.Disadvantages of GlobalizationThe following general factors may be considered as drawbacks of GlobalizationThere is significant increase in the flow of skilled and unskilled employment opportunities simultaneously from developed and developing countries across the world. This is due to the fact that the global companies are in search of flashy labors to extract maximum benefit at minimum expenses.The popular reactions of Globalizat ion may be violent in the sense that people are more interested in maintaining the traditions and customs associated with world culture. In such(prenominal) a situation the control of a handful of companies over the global media may restrict expression of culture.A main drawback of Globalization is that it enhances possibilities of unwilled transportation of diseases amid countries.Globalization gives birth to money-oriented lifestyles and selfish attitudes, which consider inhalation to be a mean to attain overall economic affluence.Globalization increases the possibility of civil war between the developed nations and opens battle between the developing nations for getting hold of the available resources.Globalization tends to reduce environmental honesty, because the corrupt companies make use of the weak authoritarian rules of the developing nations.Escalation in the possibility of economic disturbances in one particular country, affects the economic repose of other nations as well.The commercial power of nation-states increases far more than normal individuals and the civil society institutions.With the rapid spread of Globalization, there are chances for international organizations like World Trade Organization (WTO) to violate both national and international sovereignty.Globalization intensifies commercial competition among developed and developing nations in an attempt to improve their respective economic conditions.The existing gap between the rich and poor nations is widened more, with the advent of Globalization.Globalization has made the small commercial sectors to struggle hard for existence and establish their trades.Globalization has increased evolution of the working class or the labor class of the society.The revenue generated in the host nations is hardly spend in that particular country for lift up the economic conditions of its population rather this revenue is spend in other countries across the globe. This weakens national unity and independence, permitting the developed countries to dispatch domestic jobs abroad, in search of cheap labor.ConclusionIn conclusion, globalization has brought a handle of advantages and disadvantages to us. We know there is nothing perfect in this world things just have limited strong features and weak features. But the most important point is that people all over the world should try to remainder the advantages and the disadvantages of globalization because we are the ones who stay here to make the world a better place.Viper the Anti-plagiarism Report

Stopping Terrorism Worldwide Essay -- essays research papers

Can We Stop the Worldwide Disease-Terrorism?Terrorism, which has been around for as long as people support remember, has been on the rise for the past tense ten years. Terrorists usually use murdering, kidnapping, hi-jacking and bombings to achieve their political purpose. For instance, according to Wikipedia.com (2006), in 1985 816 deaths, then in 2003, more than 1,000 people died by terorist acts around the world. In recent years, terrorism seems to be at a new teetotum and attacks atomic number 18 much more violent than in the past. Unfortunately, in transgress of m either anti-terror campaigns, projects and organizations ar being created for prevention (to prevent) terrorism, the number of terrorists only is increasing. These years terrorism is all over the world.Terrorists use forcefulness against civils or against civilian targets, in order to attain political aims. As it is mentioned in Cfrterrorism.org (2006), The US Department defines terrorism as premeditated, po litically motivated violence perpetrated against civilian targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. capital of Minnesota Pillar (Council on Foreign Relations, 2004), a former deputy head of the CIAs Counterterrorist Center, interprets the definition of terrorism as follows,,, planned in advance, rather than an madcap act of rage and not criminal, like the violence that groups such as the mafia use to get money and not carried out by the army of a country., The purposes of terrorists are contrasting but majority of their victims are peaceful people. There are many different types of terrorism, for many different purposes. The primary purpose of terrorism is to force a change in their government structure or position. If terrorists are not s... ...hat terrorism can not be ended with violence. Violence in response to violence can only lead to further violence. So we should discover more creative programs about reducing the pov erty, let everybody study, regarding their religion, sex, race and nationality. If we invest money into these liaisons than investing to wars, we have already reduced terrorism. Other crucial thing is freedom. Nowadays, many terrorists claim that they are freedom fighters of their country. From this we can conclude that we, ourselves, are making terrorists by occupying their native country. If we do not want any terrorism, let them enjoy their freedom. But these days it is sad to realize that about bigger countries, with its (their) powerful economy want to take control over smaller countries, which is again leading people of these countries to take a gunman and defense their countries values.

Horatio in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Custom Essays Hamlet

Horatio in Hamlet In Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet, the close-set(prenominal) friend of the hero is a fellow-student from Wittenberg (Granville-Barker 93), an intelligent and understanding young homo by the name of Horatio. This essay seeks to carefully present his character. Marchette Chute in The Story Told in Hamlet describes Horatios part in the open up scene of the play The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the price strikes the hour of one, a touch modality has appeared on the battlements, a figure refined in complete armor and with a face like that of the abruptly king of Denmark, Hamlets father. A young man named Horatio, who is a school friend of Hamlet, has been told of the apparition and cannot believe it, and one of the officers has brought him there in the night so that he can see it for himself. The hour comes, and the ghost walks. (35) Horatio, frightened, futilely confronts the ghost What art thou that usurpst this time of night, Together with that pretty and warlike form In which the majesty of buried Denmark Did sometimes marching? by heaven I charge thee, speak (1.1) Maynard Mack in The World of Hamlet maintains that Horatios words to the spirit are afterward seen to have reached beyond their contexts. . . (244). So Horatio and Marcellus exit the ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet, who is place from school. Hamlet is dejected by the oerhasty marriage of his mother to his uncle slight than two months after the funeral of Hamlets father (Gordon 128). Soon Horatio and Ma... ... wienerwurst Cass & Co., Ltd., 1964. p.14-16. http//www.freehomepages.com/hamlet/other/essayson.htmdemag-ess N. pag. Pitt, Angela. Women in Shakespeares Tragedies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Rpt. from Shakespeares Women. N. p. n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. The disaster of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World infect by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. Shakespeare. Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

The Countless Sounds Heard in a Day :: Personal Narrative Essays

The Countless Sounds Heard in a Day As a musician, I evermore related to fathoms in terms of tuneful application. The unless sounds I paid attention to were those involved in creating and acting music. musical theater sounds were the most important to me. Well . . . actually, as a traveling musician, any(prenominal) troubling sounds my car made were almost as important. The single a nonher(prenominal) sound I appreciated was silence - something I cherished aft(prenominal) six nights of rhythmic and melodic saturation and the babble of leash vitamin C or so party drunks. Since Ive settled level and ferment a family man, however, I have discovered a whole sore homo of sounds that give me more pleasure than music ever did. Something I never thought possible. I would like to describe for you the world of sound that I experience in a typical day. My morning always begins around s take down oclock when I am awakened by a sweet, gentle, small voice cal ling . . . DADDY, I GO FRIDE This is followed by a fineness look of tiny lips on my cheek, then another smack of Moms lips on my lips. A few minutes later, the front door slams keep out and I slip back into a slumber. The next thing I run into (a few hours later) is the bloodcurdling, screaming caw of a pterodactyl about to sliding board down and pluck me right out of my bed. Actually, its only my alarm clock. I dont act hit the snooze button, as I do not even want to hear that again. From here, my morning ritual begins, rich with the sounds of water supply the galoosh of the toilet, the downlike spattering of the shower, and the gurgle of drinking chocolate brewing in the kitchen. Its the coffee manufacturer that totally captivates me, for I cannot begin to function mentally until Ive had my shape of go juice. Ill sit in a total stupor until that gurgling halt - my inform that its ready. Before that, noting else matters. After a sip or two, I tone under the whi spering water of the shower and, if never fails, the surround rings. At least, I think it is ringing. Actually, it is just a subtle overtone, an aural head game that is produced by the shower.The Countless Sounds Heard in a Day in-person Narrative EssaysThe Countless Sounds Heard in a Day As a musician, I always related to sounds in terms of musical application. The only sounds I paid attention to were those involved in creating and performing music. Musical sounds were the most important to me. Well . . . actually, as a traveling musician, any troubling sounds my car made were almost as important. The only other sound I appreciated was silence - something I valued after six nights of rhythmic and melodic saturation and the babble of three hundred or so party drunks. Since Ive settled down and become a family man, however, I have discovered a whole new world of sounds that give me more pleasure than music ever did. Something I never thought possible. I would like to describe for you the world of sound that I experience in a typical day. My morning always begins around seven oclock when I am awakened by a sweet, gentle, little voice calling . . . DADDY, I GO FRIDE This is followed by a dainty smack of tiny lips on my cheek, then another smack of Moms lips on my lips. A few minutes later, the front door slams shut and I slip back into a slumber. The next thing I hear (a few hours later) is the bloodcurdling, screaming caw of a pterodactyl about to swoop down and pluck me right out of my bed. Actually, its only my alarm clock. I dont dare hit the snooze button, as I do not even want to hear that again. From here, my morning ritual begins, rich with the sounds of water the galoosh of the toilet, the soft spattering of the shower, and the gurgle of coffee brewing in the kitchen. Its the coffee maker that totally captivates me, for I cannot begin to function mentally until Ive had my cup of go juice. Ill sit in a total stupor until t hat gurgling stops - my cue that its ready. Before that, noting else matters. After a sip or two, I step under the whispering water of the shower and, if never fails, the phone rings. At least, I think it is ringing. Actually, it is just a subtle overtone, an aural hallucination that is produced by the shower.

Servants in Victorian England Essay -- Victorian Era

Servants in squeamish EnglandServants were imperative to the carrying into action of middle and upper break up alkalis in Victorian England. Without the veritable force of servants for the upper and upper-middle classes, women would not be able to live the leisured lives they had adult accustomed, and would certainly not have the time to flaunt their status with neighbor-calling and the legion(predicate) balls and social activities. Even most lower-middle and middle-middle classes employed at least star servant, as hangance was almost a necessity in maintaining the home (Roberts 205). For the most part, these servants had an appreciation for their sprain, with the opportunity to live in an upper class home and have job security, as the alternative was industrial work with unexplained lay-offs and less than desirable, and often unsanitary, living conditions (Margetson 155).The highest classes of families would employ this army of servants, from each one servant having a spe cific duty, and providing them all with matching uniforms. For the less ladened families, a maid of all works was common, where the maid would assist with cleaning, cooking, and upbringing the children (Roberts 205).In families where many servants were employed, a sort of ranking system occurred, between all of the servants, and even within particular positions. Head butlers, or stewards, were considered high in ranking than the rest of the servants. The head butler would have managerial responsibilities over the other servants of the home. In the middle, there were valets, which were the personal assistants to the gentleman, who would clean his clothes, assist him in dressing and in shaving. The ladys maid had similar duties for the woman of the home, loosely assisting in dress... ...g to read the quotes of people telling their experiences of living as a servant versus the people living as a master.Also, here is a link to a picture of the Servants Hall of a judges home in Victo rian England, to give an idea of the living conditions of servants.Works CitedKelley, Grace. Nineteenth-Century Medicine in the Literal Sense. 1999. .Margetson, Stella. Victorian High Society. New York Holmes and Meier Publishers, INC, 1980.Roberts, Adam C. Victorian Culture and Society. New York Oxford University Press, Inc., 2003.Servants Hall. The Judges Lodging Museum. .The Victorians The London Townhouse - The Servants. Romance of all time After. 2001. .

Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy

eulogy for GrandmotherThe phone call came at 645 on the evening of the 16th. At 858 I sent break an e-mail message to friends ab let on my Grandmothers death. Many of those friends are former and accepted church members of congregations I have served as pastor. By the next aurora I was receiving e-mail messages back. The ones from former and stream church members had a joint theme. In addition to expressing their sympathy they all said that they felt they had know my grandmother We remember your grandmother from the stories you would tell us of her. That is the nature of memories. They spate be collective, shared, or private. They may be special moments - remembrances of her as a sister, a wife, a mother, or a friend. But, when we share those memories they become a part of someone else. The memories become the possession of others. When the Bible tells us to be kind to foreigners in our midst because we were once slaves in Egypt it assumes we have do that memory our own. We w ere once slaves in Egypt. The sacred memory has been passed down to us. To mean solar solar day, I want to share just a few memories of my Grandmother. She was a unyielding woman. Yes, she was a woman who could be patient, but that was restricted by the limits of her determination. When I was small she decided it was time to clean the attic. She had asked my Grandfather to place the chute-the-chute underneath the attic window so she could drop the stuff she cherished to be rid of. Well, my Grandfather was busy with other things. One day she decided she had waited long enough. She went to the attic and opened up the window and began to purge items from the window. Imagine my surprise to items raining from the sky. Imagine my Grandfathers surprise upon his return. Then on that point was the time she was after my Grandfather to clean out the chimney. My Grandfather was up working in the fields when a chimney fire stone-skint out. I was still a baby and my mother picked me up and went runway next door to Aunt Mids house. My Grandmother called the fire department (instead of trading for my Grandfather). My grandfather saying the fire trucks coming up the road from town - followed by cars of just about everybody who lived along the way My Grandfather dictum to it that the chimney stayed clean after that. acclaim for Grandmother Eulogies EulogyEulogy for GrandmotherThe phone call came at 645 on the evening of the 16th. At 858 I sent out an e-mail message to friends about my Grandmothers death. Many of those friends are former and current church members of congregations I have served as pastor. By the next morning I was receiving e-mail messages back. The ones from former and current church members had a putting green theme. In addition to expressing their sympathy they all said that they felt they had cognize my grandmother We remember your grandmother from the stories you would tell us of her. That is the nature of memories. They pile be collectiv e, shared, or private. They may be special moments - remembrances of her as a sister, a wife, a mother, or a friend. But, when we share those memories they become a part of someone else. The memories become the possession of others. When the Bible tells us to be kind to foreigners in our midst because we were once slaves in Egypt it assumes we have do that memory our own. We were once slaves in Egypt. The sacred memory has been passed down to us. Today, I want to share just a few memories of my Grandmother. She was a find out woman. Yes, she was a woman who could be patient, but that was restricted by the limits of her determination. When I was small she decided it was time to clean the attic. She had asked my Grandfather to place the station wagon underneath the attic window so she could drop the stuff she treasured to be rid of. Well, my Grandfather was busy with other things. One day she decided she had waited long enough. She went to the attic and opened up the window and be gan to upchuck items from the window. Imagine my surprise to items raining from the sky. Imagine my Grandfathers surprise upon his return. Then on that point was the time she was after my Grandfather to clean out the chimney. My Grandfather was up working in the fields when a chimney fire broke out. I was still a baby and my mother picked me up and went ravel next door to Aunt Mids house. My Grandmother called the fire department (instead of business for my Grandfather). My grandfather saw the fire trucks coming up the road from town - followed by cars of just about everybody who lived along the way My Grandfather saw to it that the chimney stayed clean after that.