The Fertilizer Industry In India Environmental Sciences Essay

The position food assiduity In India Environmental Sciences Es give voiceThe fertiliser deeds was instinctiveised in 1906 in Tamil Nadu. The growth of the fertiliser diligence began in 1951 with plant establishment by fertiliser Corporation of India. The constant exact of plant food resulted in Green Revolution and lead to spreading of patience in industry in several split of India. Today, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala and Punjab maintain over half of the total perplex of fertilizer required in India. Apart from them, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Goa and Karnataka atomic number 18 also important producers of fertilizers. The simplicity of obligate ability of inbred gas resulted in the wide spread of the fertilizer industry. India produces due northous nearly 11 zillion tones, phosphate 4 million tones and potash fertilizers to 1.7 million tones. The farming imports pota ssium from abroad.Chemical and bio fertilizers play a vital role in the success of green revolution in India. India is basic anyy an agriculture foc employ prudence flourishing on Indian fertilizers. With green revolution, Indian fertilizer manufacturers and suppliers aro role enhanced their production and sop up attained self-sufficiency in the needs of Indian fertilizers. The industry of Indian fertilizers is associated celestial spheres of agricultural sphere. India surfaced as the handsomest producer of chemical substance fertilizers, nitrogenous fertilizers as tumesce as bio fertilizer in association with unvarying endeavour of manufacturers and suppliers of fertilizer. Today, India evict boast of having surplus food grain and this excess argon facilitated call fitting to the Indian fertilizers. The manufacture and fertilizers supply is viewed as the nearly vigour process in the Indian industry. The nitrogenous as well as bio fertilizers redeem great impact on the hire of goods and services of energy and the determining factors for susceptibility of energy in the industry atomic number 18 diet stocks, engineering science, talent exercise and plant age.Indian disposal formulated policies favourable to the fertilizer suppliers, consumers and manufacturers. This was support by numerous committees and was formulated by the Indian government to encounter the policies regarding fertilizers. The accession in the fertilizer industry is approved to favourable policies. Now, in that location be numerous fertilizer units and supply a wide upchuck of fertilizers. This is appargonnt from the steady global exact for Indian fertilizers that is being fulfilled. youthful years is viewing a take in for organic fertilizers besides inorganic fertilizers. Many private fertilizer companies are showing positive motility by setting plants in various countries and are elevating the demand for chemical and bio fertilizers. The fertilizers industry in India has a good and bright future in the marketplace. The Indian government is offering optimal support by subsidizing bare materials as well as by relaxing the export policies and this is open to be favourable to the fertilizer companies. fertilizers are chemical compounds applied to drift forward plant and fruit growth. fertilisers are usually applied either by the vulgarism (for wasting disease by plant roots) or, by foliar feeding (for uptake by means of leaves). fertilizers keep be placed into the categories of organic fertilizers (composed of decayed plant/animal matter), or inorganic fertilizers (composed of simple chemicals and minerals) .Organic fertilizers are of course occurring compounds, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as peat, manufactured through natural processes (such as composting), or naturally occurring mineral deposits Fertilizers typically provide, in varying proportions, the three major(ip)(ip) plant nutrientsIndustrial Environment of Fertilize rs..Cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct of mining, smelting and refining of coat and, to a lesser degree, as a byproduct of lead and sloven production. It is in that locationfore primarily a function of zinc production rather than cadmium demand.Major shifts in smelting and refining technology (from pyrometallurgical to hydrometallurgical processes) keep back led to signifi bunst cliffs in releases of cadmium to the environment.Cadmium is social functiond and traded globally as a metal and as a fixings in various products, in particular in batteries until it was banned in a number of countries.Other major designs of refined cadmium are Pigments for plastics, Ceramics and enamels Stabilizers for plastics Plating on iron and steel and alloying element of round lead, copper and tin alloys.Since 1990, the use of such products has been decreasing significantly because of the awareness of the pernicious impacts on wellness and the environment.Waste management systems have increasingly been put in place in industrialized countries to reduce releases of cadmium into the environment. However, some of the uses of cadmium which have been phased out in developed countries have act or even increase in developing countries.INDUSTRIAL participationThis leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburban areas with a senior high school rate of economic activity. These urban centers require the input of external energy sources in order to overcome the diminishing returns of agricultural consolidation, due part to the lack of nearby arable land, associated transportation and storage costs, and are impudent(prenominal) unsustainable. Industrial societies are generally mass societies. Industrial society is characterized by the use of external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to increase the rate and cuticle of production. The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine harvesters and petroleum establish fertilizers, are used to decrease required human labor while increasing production. No perennial needed for the production of food, excess labor is moved into these factories where mechanization is employ to further increase efficiency. As populations grow, and mechanization is further refined, often to the take of automation, many workers shift to inflateing service industries.MAJOR PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURE exertion Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the horseshitment increment that led to the rise of civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. trim backs) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of to a greater extent than densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is cognize as agricultural science (the related practice of gardening is canvas in horticulture). Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialtie s and techniques, including slipway to expand the lands suitable for plant raising, by digging water-channels and other forms of irrigation. Cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on departland remain at the foundation of agriculture. In the past century in that respect has been increasing stage business to identify and quantify various forms of agriculture. In the developed world the range usually extends between sustainable agriculture (e.g. permaculture or organic agriculture) and intense farming (e.g. industrial agriculture). Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological advancements have acutely increased yields from cultivation, and at the similar time have caused widespread bionomical damage and negative human health make. Selective breeding and new-made practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming (and similar practices applied to the chicken) have similarly increased the output s ignal of meat, save have raised concerns or so animal cruelty and the health depressions of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production tilled land is the practice of plowing soil to direct for planting or for nutrient incorporation or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to no-till. It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, alone also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diverseness of soil organisms . Pest control includes the management of weeds, insects/mites, and diseases. Chemical (pesticides), biological (biocontrol), automatic (tillage), and cultural practices are used. Cultural practices include crop rotation, culling, cover crops, intercropping, composting, avoidance, and resistance. incorporated pest management attempts to use all of these mo des to keep pest populations beneath the number which would cause economic loss, and recommends pesticides as a last resort.. alimental management includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of utilization of spread out produced by livestock. Nutrient inputs can be chemical inorganic fertilizers, manure, green manure, compost and mined minerals Crop nutrient use may also be managed using cultural techniques such as crop rotation or a fallow period muck is utilized either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing such as in Managed intensive rotational grazing, or by spreading either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or pastures. Water management is where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world. Some farmers use irrigation to extension rainfall. In other areas such as the Great Plains in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture to use for growing a crop in the following year. Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide.The role of the fertilizer industry The fertilizer industry helps tell that farmers have the nutrients they need to grow enough crops to amass the worlds requirements for food, feed, fiber and energy. The nutrients supplied by the industry The fertilizer industry countenances the adoption of Fertilizer Best Management Practices (FBMPs) as part of good agricultural practices. future trends in this industryFertilizer technology may be predicted by extrapolating from current developments. Mixtures and materials with high percentages of plant nutrients volition dominate the field. Better ways of providing nitrogen, the most expensive of the three major nutrients, exit be forthcoming, including increased use of anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and urea. No leachable nitrogen, for example, can be obtained through the urea-formaldehyde (ureaform) reaction, and ammonium met phosphate offers a concentrated liquid product. Micronutrients, or examine elements, specific to particular geographical areas pull up stakes come into increasing use, as will utilisation mixing and bulk selling of mixtures containing several nutrients based on reliable soil and plant data. may come into use with the tape planted, no further fertilizer or water will be needed until growth is well established. Such techniques using perishable tapes have al form been developed on a small scale for use by home gardeners. Finally, larger and more precise fertilizing machines will be developed and adopted.The fertilizer sector in India holds a major share among the energy intensive industries of the country. The industry has shown unparalleled growth in the past few years. Although growing in an accelerating rate, the industry is faced with a number of challenges, inter alia, the lack of major plant resources such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium. The government has establis hed nine public sector undertakings in the Indian fertilizer market and one cooperative society, k now as the Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited (KRIBHCO) that functions under the supervision of the Department of Fertilizers in India. in that respect are 63 large units dedicated to the production of fertilizers. Among these, 9 units produce ammonium sulphate while 38 units produce urea. in that location are 79 small and medium scale units producing single superphosphate. frugal IMPACT ON THE INDUSTRYThe economy of the country does have grand impact on the fertilizer industry in the following ways The cost of this industry is quite high which is very difficult for the economy of the country to support especially in current circumstances. infixed fellate is the main requirement of this industry and it is very difficult to fulfill that. latterly the government has announced the cut in the supply of the Natural ball up in the shape of load shedding. When there is a boom in the a griculture sector of the economy, the demand of the fertilizers also gets increased which puts positive effect on the industry.HUMAN RESOURCE ISSUES IN INDUSTRY at that place would non be any of such issues in the industry as the ameliorate human resource is easily available and for further enhancement in performance training should be conducted in companies both technical and interpersonal. overleap IN MARKETINGIneffective distribution process. Prices are not same in all over Pakistan. Un modernized target market because of this trade is difficult. New entrants discouraged. Rigid and slow reaction to market changes. Weak challenger or deficits may lead to impairment gouging and/or product adulteration. conduct EASILY AVAILABLEFinancing is easily available in this sector. The government is willing to develop this sector so that it would fulfill the requirements. Recently, two plants are opening one is of Fatima Fertilizer and one of Engro Ammonia Plant. In hear of Engro Amm onia Plant there is total investment of $1billion is needed, for which it has signed a syndicate loan of Rs 18.3 billion.IMPACT OF POLITICAL PARTIESAs in India, there is a culture that all of the work related to government activity would be easier only when you have good relationship with these parties. Fertilizer attention has in any eggshell much concern with the government for availability of Natural Gas and Water, subsidy, anti-dumping duty, and custom free import and so on. All these factors have considerable effect on the profitability of the companies and without political parties help, companies will not be able to get these benefits. In the industry, all companies have very good and changeless relation with the political parties and therefore enjoy benefits which they want to. So, we can say that the impact of political parties is positive on this industryTRADE ISSUES colligate TO fertilizer INDUSTRY1. Agreement is being made that the market forces will be allowed t o work, in the case of fertilizer imports.2. To stop dumping in fertilizer industry the WTO regulation related to anti dumping must be applied in the industry for the industry benefit.3. In case of import the fertilizer producing companies are exempted where as the non4. The introduction of General gross sales Tax on fertilizers should be carefully considered since it would have serious implications on price relations. 5. trade information and monitoring by the National Fertilizer Development Centre should be strengthened to serve as a real information eye for the fertilizer sector.PROPOSALS GIVEN BY peck OF FERTILIZER INDUSTRYThe first point in proposal was about career development of employees People working in one piece or department from years are still with the same experience and style of doing job.There should be proper career planning of employee which results in better and improved output for the organization.Some employees are working in the same department or secti on since they are appointed. Employees should be transferred with in departments so there is job variety that develops their interests, update their information and improve their performance.Due to high rate of unemployment in the country people draw together those jobs which are against their interest so proper analysis should be through and explore those employee which can do better what they are currently doing in the organizationManagement should take necessary action in implementing the condom organization.OUR PROPOSALSStrict quality control and monitoring should be there to clog import of sub-standard products.The problem of logistics should be looked into. Transportation through railway (being brasslikeer), especially during peak seasons should be made available.There is a need to educate the farmers on balanced fertilizer use so as to make up the adverse impacts of constant use of nitrogenous fertilizers.HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS OF FERTILIZER INDUSTRYHiring quality m anpower, keeping them happy, satisfied and motivated are the pillars of the sympathetic Resources Department justice, fair play and merit point treatment are some of the ingredients of processing cases by the Human Resources Department. For Human Resource development, another(prenominal) aspect which receives its due share is training. The employees are exposed to various kinds of queer training, technical courses, management courses, workshops and seminars both at home and abroad. Employees welfare has all along received due consideration by the Management detail TRAINING INSTITUTIONSFollowing training institutions are available 1. NFC Institute of applied science and technical Training 2. Technical Training focalize (TTC)NFC INSTITUTE OF engineering science AND TECHNOLOGY The NFC Institute of Engineering and Technological Training is the training centre of the National Fertilizer Corporation of Pakistan. It is a small engineering college established to project the requirem ent of trained manpower for chemical process industry, especially in the fertilizer sector. A Training Centre was established in 1985.Operators and TechniciansSupervisorsEngineers.2. TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTER 25 Technical Training Center (TTC) lies in its expert faculty having rich plant operation and attention experience, functional pilot plants, well equipped shops for practice and access to FFC operate plants for real life demonstration. This institution conducts following programs Training of engineers technicians customized to Clients specific needs. Fertilizer Technology Course for fresh engineers. Professional Management Curses. Apprenticeship Programs for operators technicians. Skill improvement Programs for operators technicians in the areas of Plant Operations, Maintenance Safety.Supplier PowerNo panic of forward integration. High Switching cost because it is difficult to contract with other groups and deal with them. Concentration is low. They act as separate grou ps competing for the same project. In this industry supplier has a high bargaining power, as most of them are Foreign Groups.Buyers PowerSwitching cost is low but does not have significant effect due to fixed prices. There are two substitute products available, import Fertilizer and Bio-Fertilizer. Production of bio-fertilizer is nearly over and imported fertilizer is available at the same price because of anti-dumping duty and regime regulations for the prices of fertilizer for particular seasons are fixed. Although Buyers are large in numbers and purchases a large quantity as well, but acquireers do not have a bargaining power. There is no forum available that protects them, and this group is not educated enough to clamber for their rights. All what has happened, is done by the governing.Potential EntrantsBrand written report of brisk companies is also one of the barriers because customers do not easily get ready to switch. Massive Ecological surveys must be done before com panies can begin production. Government Policies and regulation are also act as barriers because Natural Gas which is the main raw material of the industry, and the prices and supply of it is all told depend upon the Government. As before government was charging feed gas at lower rate and Fuel gas at higher rate. simply now they are being charged at the same rate. Government does not easily give permission for manufacturing plant due to shortage of Natural gas and harmful environmental effects, this also act as a barrier. Huge capital requirement is one of the greatest barriers for entry. There are number of barriers to entry such, as capital requirements, government policies, reputation of existing firms and ecological surveys.SubstitutesSwitching costs is low. Suitability of Alternatives imported fertilizer is as suitable as the industry products are. Bio-fertilizer is more suitable to use then the industry products, as it has no harmful environmental effects, cheap to produce a nd it also enhance the fertility of the soil. Where as our product reduces the natural fertility, but its production is almost over. Therefore industry does not have a holy terror of substitutes.There are two substitutes available1. tradeed Fertilizer2. Bio-FertilizerRivalryCompetition is only on the basis of Quality. Prices are fixed for every season so no competition on the basis of pricing behavior. Industry is at maturity stage so competition on the basis of growth is low. Fixed Costs are too high, which is not easily possible to tolerate. It reduces the competition.MARKETThe target market of the industry can be divided in to two parts1. Farmers2. Land ownersTREND ANALYSISPolitical TrendGas for balancing, modernisation, heterotaxy expansion for existing plants has been filed for 7 years. Gas price has been fixed for 10 years for new investments. Export benefit to suppliers of capital goods for new/modernization projects of fertilizer. Tax relaxation has also been offered by t he Government. Import by manufacturers of rock-and-roll Phosphate and Phosphorous of fertilizer free of custom duty. The Government is providing concessionary feed stock gas to the fertilizer plants for production of urea. Investors will be allowed to move second hand plant, equipment and machinery, with the same concession/exemption as relevant to new plants. To fulfil local demand of fertilizers at affordable prices, the Government is providing subsidy on production and import of fertilizers. Political trends are ever in favour of this industry. The Government has provided following incentives under Fertilizer Policy, 2001, to encourage fertilizer production in the countryEconomical TrendImport by manufacturers of Rock Phosphate and Phosphorous of fertilizer free of customs duty.One of the main sectors of economy is Agricultural as it contributes 22% to the gross domestic product and without Fertilizer industry this sector would not able to work. Due to that Government always g ives support to the fertilizer industry.PHOENIXTax relaxation has been offered in order to attract new entrants.Export benefit to suppliers of capital goods for new/modernization projects of fertilizer. To reduce the dependence onBan on export of fertilizer is also imposed so that economic stability would be gain. The Government is providing subsidy on production and import of fertilizers. a monolithic subsidy of Rs. 27 billion in the supply of urea and DAP in 2009. imported fertilizers by enhancing the local production capacity.Social TrendsAlthough the adverse effects of this industry is very high because of the improper handling of the waste. Due to this, many diseases like asthma, kidney diseases, hepatitis etcare caused. Still, the usage of the fertilizers cannot be stopped because it gives farmers so much ease in terms of saving time and actually, using it. Making bio -fertilizer has now become an old usage and farmers dont prefer to use it against artificial fertilizer.Techno logical TrendThe fertilizer plant operators have now fully absent-minded and assimilated the latest technological developments, incorporating environmental friendly process technologies, and are in a position to operate and maintain the plants at their optimum levels and on international standards in terms of capacity utilization, specific energy consumption. To meet the demand of fertilizers in the country through indigenous production, self-reliance in design engineering and execution of fertilizer projects is very crucial. This requires a backbreaking indigenous technological base in planning, development of process know-how, expand engineering and expertise in project management and execution of projects. The fertilizer industry is also carrying out de-bottlenecking and energy saving scheme in their existing plants and to enhance the capacity and reduce the specific energy consumption per ton of product. Companies are also planning to convert to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).po llution standards. The average performance of gas-based plants in the country today is amongst the top hat in the world.SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsAll companies in the industry have developed a well planned network field warehouses to ensure that fertilizers are available to the farmers uninterrupted. Fertilizer industry peruses an innovative education oriented advertising policy utilizing electronic/ print media and road side advertisement. Industry has well distribution centers. Demand is heavy because, being an agriculture country and due to increasing awareness about the balanced use of fertilizer, demand for the fertilizer will increase. All the fertilizer plants are producing at more than 100 per cent installed capacity of utilization. Adding some new unit can enhance the production capacity of the plants.WeaknessLow advertising campaigns as growers and farmers are not educated and lives in Fertilizer sector is averse in technology and also lack in resources. villages, so they do nt scarce know the balanced use of fertilizer. Demand is more and capacity of plants to produce fertilizers is less. Due to the existence of black market and heavy demand, farmers have to pay above then the stated price.OpportunitiesAs India is an agricultural country and farmers are getting awareness about the balanced use of fertili As demand is high comparing to supply, fertilizer sector has an opportunity to expand the capacity to fulfill the local demand. Government is giving support to fertilizer sector Availability of gas from Iran can increase the production of plants and industry c an fulfill the demands. There is no quota restriction by WTO since 2005, so there are more chances of export. If the quality is good customer will buy your product. By improving the quality of products, industry can attract more customers and can retain customers by satisfying their needs. zer, demand of fertilizer has increased.ThreatsGovernment policies are not consistent regarding fertilizer industry. Bio fertilizer is the main threat to the industry because it is cheap and also environment friendly. Global prices of fertilizer products are also increasing which is causing increase in fertilizer prices in the country. Prices of fuel and gas have increased enormously. Unstable political look into in the country is also a big threat to fertilizer industry. Imported fertilizer is available at cheap prices than local fertilizer. As natural gas is the main raw material, load shedding of natural gas is big threat.CONCLUSIONPlanning and Administration and Vigilance. It makes an assessment of the soulfulness requirements of the states and union territories and then lays out an elaborate supply plan.Though the soil in India is rich in silt, it lacks chief plant nutrients like potassium, nitrogen and phosphate. The increase in the production of fertilizers and its consumption acts as a major contributor to overall agricultural development. Size of Indian Fertilizer Industry Gro wth of Indian Fertilizer Industry Private Companies in Indian Fertilizer Market Public Sector Companies in Indian Fertilizer Market Major Players in Indian Fertilizer Fertilizer industry Global Demand for Indian Fertilizer Government Policies and Indian Market Challenges before Indian Fertilizer Industry Concluding remarks on Indian Fertilizer IndustryPosted by ICM IM